Mothers and Fathers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mothers and Fathers - Essay Example Depending on what either parent does towards the child, determines the particular reaction the child would have in response to the parent’s behavior. In most instances, infants turn to either parent in certain situations, based on the previous interactions that the two have had (Raver 36). For instance, when an infant feels hungry, most will turn to their mothers considering that in similar instances, mother have always provided the food. Similarly, most infants will turn to their fathers whenever they feel scared for protection. Different factors contribute differently towards the position of a parent in giving care to an infant. Cultural alignments and environments play a critical role in determining how infants view either parent. Naturally, mothers are the primary caregivers in most societies as they stay home with the infants while the fathers fend for the families. However, in an instance in which the mother is the sole provider in the family and, therefore works outside the home, the father then forms a stronger bond with the infant (Kenner & McGrath 42). In such an instance, the infant would view the father as the primary nurturer and caregiver. Based on the considerations above, it is evidently clear that other than for the birthing process and breast-feeding, a mothers position as a caregiver of an infant or child is never biologically different from that of a father; however, it all depends on the circumstances involved. Both the father and mother’s positions as caregivers of an infant rema in the

Model for Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Model for Morality - Essay Example In the Kantian approach to ethics and morality, the ultimate identifier of a ‘good action’ is one that is performed out of ‘duty’ with no other ulterior motive. This becomes a means of a means of rewarding or punishing the individual for performing the action. In this case, duty is the ulterior motive because it accords the individual the opportunity to adopt his own morality. Although Kant was not the first individual to support such an approach to morality and ethics, he was among the first to make such a move. He also passed it along as a moral code of ethics arguing it could be applied universally. This universality of Kantian morality serves as the hallmarks of defining the forms of ethical and moral approaches that have been far been studied. This universality is born out of an understanding that the main guiding precept that defines goodness is duty. This is the duty of maintaining law in society and upholding virtues such as honesty, respect and obed ience. Kant describes it as not necessarily born out of an imprint of Godliness upon the hearts of mankind but out of the universality of reason. This helps to develop moral and ethical approaches to the many situations that greet the individual within his/her daily life (Robert et al, 2011, p. 119). Additionally, Kantian morality and ethics take the approach that God is exhibited through reason and rationality hence presents within the human duties. It, therefore, ultimately leads an individual to perform a moral act for the sake of duty itself. As a means to further this moral approach, Kant argues that the ‘good of humanity’ in itself is sufficient enough a cause for encouraging the application of duty upon any given situation. Good humanity in this case means remarkable values and virtues that define the morality of individuals. Ultimately, this strike at the motivation for action, which itself Kant is able to trace back to a type of humanism that seeks to improve a nd reform the lives of others. It also encourages the good of humanity in general as a means of revealing a better and noble world full of duty. Similarly, the ultimate expression of goodness through the unconscious and conscious acts of duty influences the individual who aspires for such an approach. Conversely, the analysis of the theory demonstrates several levels of weaknesses that raise questions in the reader’s mind with regards to how effective such an approach would ultimately be in the universal practice (Robert et al, 2011, p. 123). This is effective in terms guiding the individual toward reforming his weaknesses and concentrating on his strengths for universal renewal. Although it is laudable to seek to divorce self-interest from moral actions for neutrality and integrity, it

Effectiveness of Contrast Bath on Level of Neuropathy Pain

Effectiveness of Contrast Bath on Level of Neuropathy Pain DISCUSSION The study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of contrast bath on level of neuropathy pain among clients with diabetes mellitus attending diabetic outpatient department. This chapter discusses in detail the finding of the analysis in relation to the objectives and hypotheses of the study. The following were the objectives of the study and further discussion will exemplify how these objectives were satisfied and how the hypotheses was rejected based on the result of the study. 5.1 Description of the demographic variables of the patients in experimental and control group. In experimental group and control group, with regard to the age in years,11(36.67%) were in the age group of 50 to 59 years, 19(63.33%) were female and 25 (83.33%) belongs to Hindu religion. With regard to the educational status,13(43.33%) were non literate, 21(70%) were unemployed and 15 (50%) had family income of Rs.2,000-Rs.5,000 per month .With regard to the duration of diabetes mellitus , 14(46.67%) belongs to more than 5 years, 13(43.33%) had neuropathy pain with the duration of 5.2 The first objective was to assess and compare the pre and post test level of neuropathy pain among the experimental and control group. The analysis in figure 4.2.1 showed the pretest level of neuropathy pain, in experimental group , 22 (73.33%) had severe level of neuropathy pain , 8 (26.67%) had moderate level of neuropathy pain and none of them had mild level of neuropathy pain. Whereas in the control group, 18 (60%) had moderate level of neuropathy pain, 12 (40%) had severe level of neuropathy pain and none of them had mild neuropathy pain. The analysis in the figure 4.2.2 shows the post test level of neuropathy pain, in experimental group 30 (100%) had mild level of neuropathy pain , and none of them had moderate and severe level of neuropathy pain. Whereas in the control group, 18 (60%) had moderate level of neuropathy pain, 12 (40%) had severe level of neuropathy pain and none of them had mild neuropathy pain. The analysis in table.4.3.1 findings inferred that when comparing the pre test and post test level of neuropathy pain within the experimental group the pre-test mean value was 81.20 with SD of 7.54 and the post test mean value was 21.93 with SD of 5.44. The calculated ‘t’ value 41.671 was higher than the table value which indicated that there was a high statistical significant difference in the pre and post test level of neuropathy pain among experimental group at p the level of neuropathy pain. The analysis in table 4.3.2 findings inferred that comparing the pre test and post test level of neuropathy pain within the control group, the pre-test mean value was 74.67 with SD of 6.79 and the post test mean value was 72.73 with SD of 7.15. The calculated ‘t’ value 2.001 was higher than the table value which indicated that there was a low statistical significant difference in the pre test and post test level of neuropathy pain among control group at p The above findings were consistent with the experimental study conducted by Jessica Marsh, (2014) to know the effectiveness of contrast bath among clients with sprains and strains in the ankle and foot at a massage centre, Halifax, Cannada. Investigator did contrast bath alternatively using hot water with 36-38 degrees C(3minutes) and cold water with 4-21 degrees C(10 seconds to 1 minute) for 3 cycles, always ending with cold. The study result reported that there was a reduction in the level of pain in the ankle and foot. The above study findings were consistent with the quasi experimental study conducted by Gormans JM et al (2011) to assess the effectiveness of hydrotherapy among 20 diabetes mellitus clients with foot pain who were admitted in a medical ward were randomly selected. Foot immersion was done in hot water for 3 minutes and cold water for 30 seconds, alternating for 3 cycles. The study finding revealed that there was reduction in foot pain which was noticed by using numerical pain scale. Hence the null hypotheses NH1 stated earlier that â€Å"there is no significant difference between the pre-test and post-test level of neuropathy pain among the experimental and control group† at prejected. 5.3 The second objective was to compare the pre-test and post test level of neuropathy pain between the experimental and control group The analysis in table 4.3.3 findings inferred that in the pre test , the level of neuropathy pain for the experimental group the mean value was 81.20 with SD of 7.54 and mean value for control group was 74.67 with SD of 6.79. The calculated unpaired ‘t’ value 3.526 at p The analysis in table 4.3.4 findings inferred that in post test , the level of neuropathy pain for the experimental group the mean value was 21.93 with SD of 5.44 and mean value for control group was 72.73 with SD of 7.15. The calculated unpaired ‘t’ value was 30.964 at p The findings of the study was supported by, Donna E. Breger Stanton et al (2012) conduced a systematic review among 28 clinical research articles on contrast bath from 1938 onwards in which 10 met the inclusive criteria set by the authors to know the effectiveness of contrast bath on diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes ,to address the physiological changes of hot and cold on blood flow, intramuscular temperature, subcutaneous temperature, the influence of room temperature , pain and age. The definitive conclusions was made that the contrast bath increases superficial blood flow and skin temperature in foot which relieves pain. The above study findings were consistent with an experimental study conducted by Nick grantham (2008) to know the effectiveness of contrast bath among 60 clients with diabetes foot attending foot clinic at china.They took 30 minutes for each client to provide the intervention. The temperature of the hot water was 35-40 degree C for 3-4 minutes and cold water was 10-15 degree C for 3-4 times.they concluded the study as contrast bath stimulates the nervous system because brain has to receive and recognise two different types of information(hot and cold), the changes in temperature may also help in reducing pain. The conceptual framework based on Wiedenbach’s Helping Art of Clinical Nursing Theory guided the researcher to accomplish the study. The investigator perceived the need of implementing the contrast bath on level of neuropathy pain among clients with diabetes mellitus. The intervention which includes immersion of lower extremities in warm and cold bath for a duration of 20 minutes( 5 cycles). The clients with diabetes mellitus attending diabetic outpatient department were the recipient in the study, the investigator identified the need by assessing the pretest level of neuropathy pain using Galer Neuropathy Pain Scale and prescribed contrast bath to minister the need of the clients with diabetes mellitus. The goal was to reduce the level of neuropathy pain through the means of contrast bath for 20 minutes(5 cycles). The investigator validated the need by assessing the post test level of neuropathy pain using Galer Neuropathy Pain Scale which revealed that there was reduction in the level of neuropathy pain among clients with diabetes mellitus. The researcher enhanced the contrast bath for those who revealed significant improvement and gave reinforcement for those with insignificant improvement of level of neuropathy pain. Hence the null hypotheses NH2 stated earlier that â€Å"there is no significant difference in the pre-test and post-test level of neuropathy pain between the experimental and control group† at prejected. 5.4 The third objective was to associate the selected demographic variables with the mean differed level of neuropathy pain among clients with diabetes mellitus in the experimental and control group. The analysis in table 4.4.1 findings inferred that in the experimental group the analysis using ANOVA revealed a low statistical significance with regard to family income at p Hence the null hypotheses NH3 stated earlier that â€Å"there is no significant association of selected demographic variables with the mean differed level of neuropathy pain among clients with diabetes mellitus in experimental and control group† at prejected for family income per month and accepted for all other selected demographic variables such as age, gender, occupation, religion, educational status, duration of diabetes mellitus and neuropathy pain, treatment for diabetes mellitus and suffering from any co morbid illness in the experimental group. The null hypotheses NH3 was accepted for all the selected demographic variables in the control group. The above discussions clearly represent that there has been a statistically significant impact of contrast bath on level of neuropathy pain among clients with diabetes mellitus. This draws conclusion for the study that contrast bath can be used as an effective intervention by the neuro nurses, community health nurse, nurse educator, nurse administrator, nurse researcher and health care professionals in reducing the level of neuropathy pain among clients with diabetes mellitus.

The Crucibles Verbal Irony :: Essay on The Crucible

Arthur Miller, one of America's greatest playwrights, living or dead, is a master of verbal irony. An examination of three strong examples of verbal irony in Millers play, The Crucible, will prove this out. While Miller started the genre of the tragedy of the common man, and is also know for his thoughtful and decisive plot lines, much of his fame, possibly can be attributed to his brilliant use of language generally, and his use of verbal irony in particular. Amidst the drama of the court scene in Act III, Proctor and Mary Warren are being questioned in relation to Elizabeth's possession of poppets. Parris is trying to prove the fact that maybe they were unaware of her possession of these, that she could have hidden her poppets. In a response to Proctor, Parris sites that 'We are here, Your Honor, precisely to discover what no one has ever seen.'; Parris' meaning is very simple; he is simply commenting that the court is trying to discover the poppets that supposedly Elizabeth had hidden at her house, that no one has seen. But to read Miller, one must be more perceptive, and in examining this quote by Parris, there is another meaning behind it. As most know of the Salem witch trials, they specifically know the unjust and misled court system that was used to accuse the witches. The words uttered from Parris' mouth at that instance are so contradictory of the court and ironic that from a reader's standpoint, one is mixed between the emotion of laughter and tears. For the knowledge of the witch trials would allow one to know that they were nothing but a hoax. The court is out to discover what no one has seen. Knowing that there are no witches, then Parris is precisely right when he says this. It's just the irony of Parris' ignorance that makes this quote affective. The relationship between John and Elizabeth is brought to test throughout this play. The fact that John cheated on his wife and the fact that Elizabeth cannot forgive him for this is the basis of the conflict. In Act II, Reverend Hale comes to visit the Hosek - 2 Proctors on his own account to alert them that Elizabeth's name was mentioned in court. Deep in the conversation, Hale asks John to recite the Commandments with the intent to prove he is a covenanted Christian man.

Human Security Essay

The article aims at bringing the important issue of Human Security to the forefront. It focuses on the urgent need to understand the concept of human security, and to develop the proposals for translating these ideas into policy practice. An attempt has been made to clarify and correlate the terms ‘human development’ and ‘human security’. The interrelation of freedom from ‘fear’ and ‘want’ is discussed and the coherence between the two has been achieved successfully. The author has emphasised on the fact that to enable a real shift in policy making, serious effort needs to be made to operationalize the term Human Security. Human security workers need to develop a holistic and human centered ethos. They need to maintain the military spirits of sacrifice, heroism, discipline, but combined with civilian spirit of individual responsibility, empathy as well as gender awareness. The holistic development of human security worker makes them capable of carrying out both ‘protection-from-fear’ and ‘protection-from-want’ tasks. The article tries to highlight the attractions of human security as a paradigm shifting and bridging concept, as well as converse attempts to appropriate and restrict its usage. The article tries to trace the different usages of concept of Human Security. The holistic and innovative concept of Human Security leads to vague and utopian ideas that need great efforts to operationalize. Proponents of human security urgently need to demonstrate that operationalization is possible and necessary. The key strategies for strengthening human security were identified as strengthening legal norms and building capacity to enforce them. Human Security at present sits in the middle of tug-of-war. It is neither irrelevant to power holders nor has been successfully co-opted by them. The interrelation of poverty and violence used to express Human Security is complex and under-researched. From Roman Times security was universally understood as pertaining to individuals. Attempts were made to reorient thinking about security as Human Security. In the post cold era the term suddenly began to feature as global security and comprehensive security. Amartya Sen proposed that Human Security is concerned with downside risks that threaten human survival. The focus on ‘freedom from want’ has a transformatory effect on ‘freedom from fear’. This article has traced different usages of concept of Human Security and argues that the concept has withstood attempts at compartmentalization and instrumentalization. Its greatest potential continues to lie in its bridging and paradigm shifting properties. It emphasises human security to be indivisible. It debates on the tension between foreign policymaking and ethical considerations. Another one being poverty breeds violence and tackling poverty will also tackle violence. The article discusses necessary connections with wider policy shifts. It draws a sketch of the ‘Ideal Human Security Worker’ of the future. Adoption of Human Security concept as Canadian-Norwegian approach, joined by nine other nations and then adopted by Japan marked the realisation of the importance of this concept. The debate typically centres on narrowing down violence rather than poverty in order to come out with an operational concept that can guide policy. Human Security is also a bridging concept and it should be malleable enough to be used by diverse parties, while robust enough to keep sufficient shared meanings across this range of users. It should span between ideals, life situations and actions. The adoption of Human security as both a holistic and a normative concept will definitely lead to practical consequences. Critical Analysis Internal Analysis: The article discusses the bridging and shifting properties of Human Security Concept. It has made an excellent effort to trace the different usages of concept of human security. The work done by the author is commendable . She has collected the information related to the meaning of human security and its usage from Roman times through the span of the present time. She has taken into consideration security of all types physical and material. The different concepts of security and its shaping up into present day concept of human security. She has laid special emphasis on the urgent need for the operationalisation of human security. She has not just discussed the need for operationalisation but has also provided excellent ways to instrumentalise and operationalise human security concept. She has tried to both materialise and personify the concept of human security. By discussing both the malleable and robust nature of human security concept that makes the text effective . The writing and explanation style of the author includes active alert and comprehensive analysis of the term Human Security. She has tried to touch every aspect that surrounds and affects Human Security directly or indirectly. The article has clearly described the role of Human security worker that combines both military spirit and civilian responsibility and empathy. The detailed explaination of the role of Human security worker tries to present a very accurate and live sketch of Human security worker. This refreshes the reader with motivation and enthusiasm to operationalise the concept of human security worker. It presents the very possibility of the operationalisation and functionality of Human security. Weakness: The article ahs discussed the concept of human security very comprehensively , yet the inter-relation of poverty and violence use to express human security remains complex and under –researched. The weakness of analysis lies in the vague idea development of poverty and violence. It seems to be a vicious circle rather than a focused approach to resolve th problem. External analysis â€Å"Dr. Glasius’s research concerns both the theory and practice of global civil society and its relationship to international law, particularly human rights law. ( Glasius ) This article on human security also witnesses the research or comprehensive study conducted by the author. The collection of information as evident from the article that defines the term human security from the initial stage of security in Roman Times to the present concept of Human Security approves the writing style of the author. The author is a research officer ,which is also reflected by her comprehensive writing style. Her present research focuses on economic and social rights , human security and social forums . In the given article she has elaborated upon the urgent need to operationalise the concept of Human Security. She has also described the role of a Human Security Worker for effective functonalisation of the concept. The idea conveyed through the article is operationalisation of the theory to practice that reflects the originality and urge to reform the society. Clarity and Coherence of the Arguements:- The author has tried his best to achieve clarity and coherence of the arguments. The evidence being the discussion of various usages of the concept of Human Security . he has discussed each usage of the concept with clarity and focus on the era when the terms were prevalent . She has attempted to clarify the inter-relation of Human Development and Human Security and their impact on each other. She has clearly and explicitly described the role of human security worker. The coherence of the arguments can be viewed beginning from paradigm shifting and bridging aspect of Human Security leading to holistic development of human security worker. Through this the author has very coherently explained the realisation of the ultimate goal of operationalisation of human security . Relevance of the Arguments : The author argues through the medium of the article that the different usage of concept of Human security has withstood attempts at compartmentalisation and operationalisation. This is quite relevant because with understanding of the term Human security grew an awareness to operationalise this concept. Also paradigm shifting and bridging has further helped in the functional realisation of human security concept and thus the need for training Human security workers. Thus the gist of the article is perfectly relevant so as to define the role of human security worker for its operationalisation.

Accuracy of Historical Films

How accurate a portrayal of Roman gladiatorial games and culture is the movie â€Å"Gladiator'? In society today historical films are merely valuable to society as a form of entertainment. Historical events have become another form of stimulus for directors when creating an engaging film for audience's . Len the creation of a film many historical Inaccuracies occur as seen In the film Gladiator.This film Instead of being a historical recreation of the Roman culture and gladiatorial games tends to embody the idea of certain characters and events. They reflect 21st century ideals onto these historical events to create a film that will appeal to the masses. Ultimately these inaccuracies are in insignificant in detracting from the purpose of these films which is to entertain. Historical films are merely a form of entertainment that is used to engage the masses but this is the extent of its value to society.Unlike a documentary, films are supposed to be â€Å"aesthetic Journeys† a nd historical events are merely another form of stimulus for a director trying to create an Individual storyline. On the release of the â€Å"historical film† 300, Warner Pros issued a statement Insisting that it â€Å"developed this film purely as a fictional work with the sole purpose of entertaining audiences' ‘ . In order to entertain audiences film makers must use these historical events , edit where necessary ,to create an film for a 21st century audience.Gladiator Is a key example of where an aspect of a culture has been reworked into a blockbuster film. The writer for Gladiator started to develop the story after reading â€Å"those who are about to die† by Daniel P Manic . The sinking f the titanic is an important historical event but in order to pitch this event to a current audience it was mixed with â€Å"a Romeo and Juliet love story† . David Benison summed up precisely the method in which accuracy in a historical film is undertaken â€Å"as for being absolutely faithful to the source material, I'm always going to pick the project† .The accuracy of these film's depictions are compromised so that it can be â€Å"guided by the Inner logic of capitalism†. Gladiator through this guidance made $457, 640,427 at the box office a very tricky task If you do not appeal to the audience. As seen In the film Gladiator, historical films tend to embody the Idea of a culture In order to appeal to the wider audience. While the film makers attempt to portray the emperor as the antagonist of the story, they however remove or add material where they see necessary.In the film Gladiator Marcus Aurelia's describes his son Commodes as an â€Å"immoral man† and thus is unable to present him with emperors but this is contradictory as Commodes was a joint ruler with his father Marcus Aurelia . While ancient historian Did Cassias refers to Commodes as a greater curse to the Romans† the production team have excluded facts such as his self-portrayal as Hercules , his left handedness and the â€Å"conspicuous growth on his groin † as these weren't necessary to the plot line and catered to the needs of the actors.This sense of recognition is further seen In how the film Gladiator portrays ancient Rome to be a grand city full of white buildings. The Coliseum was recreated as Riddle Scott felt that the real Coliseum was â€Å"too small† so Instead the CGI team created a grand â€Å"Rome of the Imagination† with a much larger coliseum ND fully white buildings as such to relate with the modern perception of this many colored building but today modern society can only view these structure without the color and in less grandeur.Gladiator's historical inaccuracies are further seen in its depiction of gladiatorial games as they aim to heighten the action within the film. The central character of Maximum is not a historical figure but is merely a personification of the traits that create a g ladiator. Russet's Crow's depiction off brave, fearless, skilled gladiator mirror many historical sources such s Valerian Maximum' who references the bravery skill and passion that are common among the great gladiators. These characteristics are cited by Cicero who describes the gladiators to be incredible well disciplined.Although they have avoided they have used historical figures as stimulus for the central character and as part of the story line. There was indeed a General Maximum who was an advisor to Marcus Aurelia's , and Commodes was killed by a gladiator named Narcissus . These however are two different people but their storyline have been merged to increase the excitement of he games which is further seen where Maximum a Protractor gladiator fights multiple different gladiators and animals.This contrasts to ancient gladiatorial games where he would have only been able to fight another Protractor rather than the Retailers (gladiators fighting with nets), Estuaries (gladiato rs on chariots) and Tigris . The warping of facts can further been seen in the death of Commodes in the arena. Although Commodes did fight in the arena , he always fought as a Sector and therefore Maximum should have faced him as a Retailers but instead both men ought as no particular gladiator type. This battle did not result in his death but rather Commodes was strangled in his home .While the death rate in the film is over 50% Professor David Potter believes the death rate to be 5-10% as too much time and money had been invested into them. Therefore gladiatorial games were to first blood . All of these inaccuracies are created to increase the entertainment value and appeal to a 21st century audience. In the film industry and especially to a 21st century audience the inaccuracies of these films become irrelevant because they increase the entertainment value of the film. The problem however is when these films are described as being historically accurate.Historical films are unreli able for a historian studying the time period but are still useful for discerning the 21st century western perception of Roman society. Gladiator is guilty of false advertising as Peter Russell, art director, states that the film is â€Å"based factually on the events of the time† . Though we can assume this is merely a marketing ploy as the majority of society is uneducated . As one review of the film dutifully states â€Å"there was no alternative odder audiences would have accepted or recognized† and this is true for many of the inaccuracies within the film.Oliver Reed Justifies these inaccuracies when he states â€Å"we are not making a documentary' and anyway if they were to make a historically accurate film it would be too long. Jean Shaw further states that films â€Å"need to appeal to their audience by having an exciting plot, a lot of drama † in order to become successful. As George Lucas was quoted â€Å"the secret to film is that it's an illusionâ €  and this illusion allows millions all over the world to and gain an insight into past civilization.In our modern 21st century society today, historical films are merely an individual's recreation of a culture. The have incredible value to the entertainment industry in providing stimulus for films, however the creation of these the goal off film. The film Gladiator clearly shows how the reliability of a film's portrayal of culture and in these particular case gladiatorial games is warped based on the decisions of the production team. Historical information is better suited to historians and lets leave film makers to cater for the rest of society.

Commedia Dell Arte Essays

Commedia Dell Arte Essays Commedia Dell Arte Essay Commedia Dell Arte Essay This term during our drama lessons we have been exploring and learning about Commedia dell’Arte, a comical and slapstick style of theatre that first became popular in Italy during the 16th century. I had never heard of Commedia before we began studying it in class, so my first impressions were that it was extremely over the top and exaggerated! At the start of the topic I didn’t think that I would enjoy it very much as, because of the use of stock characters, I felt that there would be little room for creativity and making the performances original and inventive.However I was proved wrong and I learnt that although all the characters are the same, everyone interprets them differently so I enjoyed watching other groups portray the likes of Il Dottore and Columbina in ways that I would never have thought of. Commedia first came about in 16th century Italy and was performed on temporary stages in city streets and market places. The troupes of actors performed for all socia l classes, and as their plays mostly took place outside, were accessible to all.Using skilful and strangely understandable mime and grummelot, stereotypical stock characters, masks with exaggerated features, over the top physical movements and improvised dialogue, Commedia actors were accepted and enjoyed wherever they went. As the style grew in popularity, it spread to Europe and has influenced every other theatre style. Charlie Chaplin and the Marx Brothers are direct descendants of Commedia, using mime and slapstick. Commedia has gone on to influence sitcoms (you have the bosses, the workers, the stupid one etc) and even Shakespeare, especially A Midsummer Night’s Dream and the Merchant of Venice.The over the top style shows in modern pantomimes, with the loud and bubbly portrayal of characters. There are different stock characters that represent the different stereotypes in society. One of the most famous is Arlecchino, who is of the zanni (servant) status, usually servin g Pantalone, but also frequently Il Capitano, or Il Dottore. He was very agile and a skilled acrobat, however he has often been described as absent minded. Arlecchino was always hungry but had no money, and there is an story saying that his costume covered in mismatching diamond shapes was made from off cuts of old mardi gras outfits of his richer friends.He carries a wooden slapstick disguised as a bat or sword and wears a cat-like mask to suit is agile movements. The mask also often has a wart on his low forehead and he is ragged, yet sleek. Continuously in a lowered position (especially in the presence of characters higher up than himself), Arlecchino walks with his hands on his hips and thumbs in his belt. Despite his curved back from carrying heavy bags and chairs, he has acute energy throughout his body. He walks similarly to other zanni, but in a much more balletic and supple way.One of the main things that separates Arlecchino from your standard zanni is that he has the inte lligence and creativity to hatch cunning plans, although they rarely unfold how he would like. He is often described as being â€Å"quick in body but slow in mind†. His character is essential in creating interesting complications in the plot of the entire performance, as his failed schemes mess things up for others. Arlecchino is often used as a messenger, but likes to add his own thoughts and opinions to the messages.A bit of a ladies’ man, he is often the lover of Columbina Although she is also classed as a zanni, Columbina is better dressed than male servants since she is a lady’s maid. She apron with a dress underneath. Usually, her colourful skirts fell just below her knee and the neckline of her bodice low and frilled, reflecting her flirty character. She is dressed similarly to her mistress with the addition of the apron, unless she is with Arlecchino in which cases she wears the diamond pattern to match his.Columbina sometimes wears a mask that just cove rs her eyes, but she is also commonly seen wearing heavy eye makeup instead. She is considered to be very attractive, and carries a tambourine to shoo unwanted admirers away. Because of her corset, Columbina’s waist is tiny but her hips are very wide in comparison. She sit on one hip when she stands (one leg bent, the other straight) and leans forward to show off her cleavage. She flicks her legs when she walks, making the zanni walk grander. Due to her keen and active brain, she can hold her own in most troublesome situations.She is often seen as the only rational person out of all the Commedia stock characters. She eats well and has nice clothes as well as being able to read and write. The main difference between Columbina and Arlecchino is that he thinks on his feet, whereas she uses her brain and thinks things through. Like Il Capitano she can appear onstage alone, and sometimes even performs the prologue. As well as being a class of servants, Zanni is also the name of th e character that sits right at the bottom of the Commedia hierarchy.His costume is a simple, white, baggy garment originally made from flour sacks. Zanni is a bit of a slacker and always bent over and hunched. His vision is poor as is his hearing which results in him being extremely clumsy. The movements Zanni makes are always urgent and his voice is rough. As in all Commedia characters, the length of his nose indicates how stupid he is and his head bobbles like a chicken when he walks. My favourite lesson was the mime amp; grummelot one. Grummelot is a series of gibberish sounds that actors use instead of dialogue.When done properly it allows the audience to understand what is going on between the characters even though no words are being said due to the tone of voice and exaggerated gestures and facial expressions. My partner and I improvised a scene between Zanni and Il Dottore. The person playing Zanni had a hunched posture and low centre of gravity and Il Dottore was on a highe r level to show his social status. The plot consisted of a drunken Dottore ordering Zanni to move a plank using a slurring tone and swaying around to show his drunkenness.Zanni would keep hitting Il Dottore over the head with the plank due to his poor sight and urgent movements. In the end, Il Dottore got angry with Zanni because he had run out of drink, so he storms off, tripping over the plank that he made Zanni move. I could improve by being louder and more exaggerated on stage. I have learnt all about Commedia and it tells us that people at this time enjoyed humorous plays. Studying drama is important for empathising, confidence and self awareness.

Back to Space

Back to Space I found President Bush's "State of the Union Address" was very interesting. As he talked about his new space plans about NASA. As I got to thinking about his new plan, I found myself wondering what is out there in the universe? Should we really be spending so much money on space activities?There are many good reasons why we should send people to mars and moon. Our universe is very complex and mysterious. The more we learn about it the better off we will be. Like what the wise man, Francis Bacon, once said "Knowledge is Power." Many people wonder what is out there. Maybe sending people to mars and moon could answer some of our questions. NASA has had problems in the past, but they have helped us learn so much about space. We have already had the rover on mars for sometime now. The rover has helped us find out many interesting facts.English: President George W. Bush delivers his Sta...Space program all over the world should share information about the finding on the universe. I know th e chinese have just put their 1st astronaut up in space a month or so ago. It may draw conflict with NASA. I think they should just all work together. We all live on one planet.There is some controversy why we shouldn't send people to Mars. For example, the space shuttle Colombia that crashed and killed seven astronauts. What makes them think that something like this won't happen again? Money is also a very big issue. American is in a lot of debt right now. Is spending all this money going to mars a good idea? Think of the Americans we will be putting in danger.Overall I strongly agree with President Bush, and his idea of putting people on mars and moon. We could learn...

How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works

How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works Laughing gas or nitrous oxide is used in the dentists office to reduce patient anxiety and relieve pain. Its also a common recreational drug. Have you ever wondered how laughing gas works? Heres a look at how laughing gas reacts in the body and whether its safe or not. What Is Laughing Gas? Laughing gas is the common name for nitrous oxide or N2O. It is also known as nitrous, nitro, or NOS. Its a nonflammable, colorless gas that has a slightly sweet flavor and odor. In addition to its use in rockets and to boost engine performance for motor racing, laughing gas has several medical applications. It has been used in dentistry and surgery as an analgesic and anesthetic since 1844 when dentist  Dr. Horace Wells used it on himself during a tooth extraction. Since that time, its use has become commonplace in medicine, plus the euphoric effect of inhaling the gas has led to use as a recreation drug. How Laughing Gas Works Although the gas has been used for a long time, the exact mechanism of its action in the body is incompletely understood, in part because the various effects depend upon different reactions. In general, nitrous oxide moderates several ligand-gated ion channels. Specifically, the mechanisms for the effects are: Anxiolytic or Anti-Anxiety EffectStudies indicate the anti-anxiety effect from inhalation of laughing gas derives from increased  activity of GABAA  receptors.  The GABAA receptor acts as the central nervous systems principal inhibitory neurotransmitter.Painkiller or Analgesic EffectLaughing gas reduces the perception of pain by facilitating an interaction between the descending noradrenergic system and the endogenous opioid system. Nitrous oxide causes the release of  endogenous opioids, but how this happens is unknown.Euphoria EffectNitrous produces euphoria by causing dopamine to be released, which stimulates the mesolimbic reward pathway in the brain. This contributes to the analgesic effect, too. Is Nitrous Oxide Safe? When you get laughing gas at the dentists or doctors office, its very safe. A mask is used to first administer pure oxygen and then a mixture of oxygen and laughing gas. The effects on vision, hearing, manual dexterity and mental performance are temporary. Nitrous oxide has both neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects, but limited exposure to the chemical tends not to cause a permanent effect, one way or the other. The primary risks from laughing gas are from inhaling a compressed gas directly from its canister, which could cause severe lung damage or death. Without supplemental oxygen, inhaling nitrous oxide can cause hypoxia or oxygen deprivation effects, including lightheadedness, fainting, low blood pressure, and potentially a heart attack. These risks are comparable to those of inhaling helium gas. Prolonged or repeated exposure to laughing gas can lead to a vitamin B deficiency, reproductive problems in pregnant women, and numbness. Because very little nitrous oxide is absorbed by the body, a person inhaling laughing gas breathes out most of it. This can lead to risks to medical personnel who routinely use the gas in their practice.

Online Radio & Globalization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Online Radio & Globalization - Research Paper Example Commercial entities, instead of paying enormous amounts of money for radio advertisements, and sponsoring target programs, can develop content that attracts and retains an audience (Kozamernik, & Mullane, p. 13). Internet radio has an immense impact on globalisation because it targets a wider global audience, and can influence commerce and culture. Internet radio does not only impact on globalisation but it also impacts on commercial trends. It impacts on advertising, management, production, marketing and radio listenership. With the advent of internet radio, business shifted their attention to seeking for advertising space in online radio because of its international nature. Online radio also changed radio listenership; international listeners could tune in to an online station and listen to music that may not be available in their local radio stations. This means that expatriates can listen to radio stations from their native countries, and in a way influence the locals to listen t o this radio stations. Online radio is also appealing to the youths who are internet savvy and compose the highest number of radio listeners (Kozamernik, & Mullane, p. 18). Radio incorporates signal transmission in space using electromagnetic waves that have frequencies below visible light. This waves, electromagnetic waves, travel by oscillating electromagnetic fields in air and vacuum space. ... Ships used radio by sending Morse code to land in 18th century. The importance of radio came to the fore during the sinking of the RMS Titanic. Operators on board the Titanic communicated with nearby vessels using radio. During the First and Second World Wars, radio gained immense usage by the navies and the armies (Kozamernik, & Mullane, p. 5). Commercial radio broadcasting in 1920s changed the landscape for radio usage. Besides, radio program relay, point-to-point broadcasting and telephone messaging became widespread in 1920s. Presently, radio has taken many forms, which include mobile communication, wireless networks and radio broadcasting. Commercial radio broadcasting includes music, news, comedies, dramas, variety shows and numerous forms of entertainment. During the golden age of radio, it gained uniqueness as a method of presentation because it only used sound. Technological developments brought other means of mass media, and the currently, online based services takeover fro m some of the services that people used to enjoy. Internet or online radio is growing in acceptance and may overtake conventional radio within no time. Internet radio has changed aspects of radio such as advertisement, its globalization role, listenership, production, marketing, education and entertainment (Kozamernik, & Mullane, p. 7). Internet or online radio uses the internet to transmit audio services. Internet radio primarily involves streaming media, which presents listeners with non-stop audio streaming. This means that the audio stream cannot be replayed or paused but can be stopped. Internet radio is similar to conventional radio, but the difference is in the mode

Analysis the case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Analysis the case - Essay Example He allegedly accused of sexually harassing his female employees. These cases were settled even before taken to trials. His dressing in the factory (underpants and a thong) clearly defines the dress codes of any offices. His reputation relished as pervert and a libertine. Thus, it is clear that the company has some problems. The companys structure is an integrated corporation whereby the company has integrated with other companies in terms of manufacturing, distribution, and retail of their products. It has integrated with companies such as Jie He Sona Martirosian Christina L Oregano Oguzhan Iskenderoglu Channon Chiu NYU MS. These integrations help with the international growth of the products and hence greater profits. The company also uses the integration on marketing of their products. The company integrates with companies in different countries, and they open up stores in those countries for the sale of their products. The integration strategy is often regarded as non-profitable t hough the cost sharing is indisputable, and so are the profits. Though the integration strategy run by the main command in Los Angeles, It is quite hard monitoring the activities and keeping trends of the company. Mr. Carney should a new company and marketing strategy, like the centralized strategy. The company individually develops itself internationally without integrating with any other company. Marketing, advertising, and marketing should be run under one central power (Los Angeles Company). That will be more profitable apart from the lack of cost sharing, and also, full benefits on profits. The company shall also be able to assess its fails and success without blaming it on external parties. It should also adopt Continuing infrastructure investments that will be essential towards growth support. That will inconclusive of expenditures for new buildings and stores, machinery, tools, and equipment, upgrade manufacturing forms and additions

Read Case study of A and others v The National Blood Authority and Essay

Read Case study of A and others v The National Blood Authority and others [2001] 3 All ER 289. Have cases since this decision de - Essay Example Indeed, the case of A and others v National Blood Authority and another became a landmark and certainly the first case in UK for being the first case in UK to succeed against the producer of a medical product. The Consumer Protection Act arising from this case certainly gained much footing and has since remained relatively unchanged with time. However, several other cases seem to enforce rather than change consumer law in UK. It is worth noting, however, that the case of A and others v National Blood Authority and another gained strong ground based on the fact that consumer protection was viewed from what the consumers are entitled to expect as opposed to the reasonable ability of the producer in delivering safe products. In the case of Worsley v Tambrands Ltd, Worsley argued that tampons manufactured by Tambrands were defective since the manufacturer did not provide clear warnings regarding the risk of toxic shock syndrome. However, this argument was rejected by the court based on t he argument that defectiveness of products is based on minimum standards (Howells and Weatherill 241-243). Therefore, the developments of Worsley v Tambrands Ltd’s case only affirmed the basis of consumer protection Act developed from A and others v National Blood Authority and another. One of the most recent cases BSS Group Plc v Makers (UK) Ltd (t/a Allied Services) [2011] seemed to bring a new twist to consumer protection Act. In this case, the important factor to be put into consideration is the obligation of the manufacturer to furnish the user with adequate information concerning the use and compatibility of a product (Bicknell web). However, this case seems to strengthen rather than change the provisions arising from A and others v National Blood Authority and another. The court ruling seemed to underpin the obligation of the manufacturer to provide adequate information on use of products. This had already been coined in the earlier case A and others v National Blood A uthority and another. Another, yet very recent case, Trebor Bassett Holdings Ltd & Anor v ADT Fire and security Plc [2011] also mirrored the already established consumer protection Act. According to the, the purchasers arguments CO2 fire suppression system they had purchased for their popcorn machinery in the factory was not fit for purpose. According to the case ruling, they failed to adequately notify the supplier of the intended use of the product they purchased and therefore, they could not have relied upon the supplier’s technical skills and reasonable judgment (Bailii web). However, a more interesting case Ide  v  ATB Sales Ltd (2007), provided a deeper mirror on consumer protection Act. From the case proceedings, the Judge posited that fatigue cracking was a probable cause of the fracture leading to the accident of the victim. However, proof of failure of the product during normal use had to be supplied adequately (Sweet and Maxwell web). The ruling in this case di d not actually change any aspect of consumer protection Act arising from A and others v National Blood Authority and another but to the contrary, only seemed to coin what had already been put forward. However, there seemed to be a

The Neighbourhood 2002 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Neighbourhood 2002 - Essay Example In selecting suitable areas, their research work included personal knowledge, maps, census, and data that indicated depravity in different areas. In order to understand the potential boundaries of different areas they went on a tour and studied the neighborhood for their public space, shopping facilities and so on, in order to understand the nature of the areas that facilitated interaction between people as well as the areas of disorder. They chose two affluent neighborhoods on the fringe of the city- the boundaries of the Edinburgh neighborhood had low- rise housing flats and semi- detached private dwellings. In the case of Glasgow, playing fields acted as a sort of â€Å"buffer zone that separated the neighborhoods. Five key sections took part in the interviews – secondary school teachers, community police, councilors, youth group representatives and community councilors. These interviews were designed in such a way in order to study the social connections between the different neighborhoods. Baumgartner used the term â€Å"champions† to describe the outside agencies that took part in the interview and wondered if they would be of any use.In the affluent areas, crime and disorder such as property crime, environmental degradation and disturbances involving young people seemed to be the main concerns. On the other hand, serious crime and disorder in the deprived areas seemed to run rampant. Community spirit was perceived to be greater in the affluent neighborhoods than the deprived areas where there was less trust in their neighbors.The neighborly interaction was limited as residents would help in an emergency, but would prefer to keep to themselves otherwise.Findings revealed the va rying perceptions of the neighborhood by its residents. Whilst there are pockets of disturbances our findings reflect that perception of crime partially involves people reacting differently to similar phenomena (Hope, 1998). The people of the deprived areas feel that they are more exposed to serious crime and this, in turn, reflects the nature of community relationship enjoyed by their respective residents.

DQ1 pg 322 -323 Medical Center Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DQ1 pg 322 -323 Medical Center Case - Essay Example The employee appraisal sheet is first completed to check on self appraisal. The second step entails response of the questions raised by the employees by the supervisor based on observation and performance of the employee. The third step involves the employee and supervisor meeting to discuss the ratings through evolution and finally the evaluation results are used as a tool for appraisal determination for the employee (The National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2010) The value of documentation in performance evaluation entails streamlining the performance of the hospital standards. This is done through ensuring professionalism, respect, quality work, and efficiency. The other important value involves evaluating the competencies of individuals. This is relevant as it provides employees with an opportunity to improve the consistency of the appraisal processes (Stewart & Kenneth, 2012). Similarly the use of the appraisal system was aimed at ensuring consistency in the evaluation process. Healthcare organizations have developed guidelines to be followed when an employee scores a certain

Court Justices Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Court Justices - Research Paper Example Answer: The courtroom funds refer to the funds that raised through the money shared by the law firms and litigants having an interest in the state court. The Democratic challengers and Republican incumbents in order to defeat the opposite candidate raise courtroom funds. In this regard, the Democratic challengers raised 69% courtroom funds whereas its incumbent raised 65%; therefore, the former surpassed the latter. Answer: Yes, I agree that distinguishing line between the role of a judge and that of a politician has become blurred for many citizens. The reason for such occurrence is that the judges are elected through campaigning and raising funds, which is also the way politicians are elected. A judge is a person who has to give an impartial and fair judgement to curb menace and encourage fairness in the world. Politicians, on the contrary, are the people who convince the public that they are the true leaders for their nation/state. However, the judges are chosen through the biased fund raising practices. The law firms (corporate defense and plaintiffs) form the largest fund raisers having their cases on the judge’s table. As a result, the judges are not selected through an impartial and fair process that thickly shadows their original role in providing justice to the victim. Answer: I would choose judge for the Supreme Court of Texas through the process of screening test, interview and demonstration test. In this case, each candidate will have to pass a screening test related to written examination. Once cleared, the short listed candidates will have to appear for an interview. Only five candidates will be short listed from the interviews who will later appear for a demonstration test where the individuals and the institutions will all be present to ask complex questions from the screened candidates. Finally, a voting process will take place to select the final candidate. This process is fair and impartial

DQ1 pg 322 -323 Medical Center Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DQ1 pg 322 -323 Medical Center Case - Essay Example The employee appraisal sheet is first completed to check on self appraisal. The second step entails response of the questions raised by the employees by the supervisor based on observation and performance of the employee. The third step involves the employee and supervisor meeting to discuss the ratings through evolution and finally the evaluation results are used as a tool for appraisal determination for the employee (The National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2010) The value of documentation in performance evaluation entails streamlining the performance of the hospital standards. This is done through ensuring professionalism, respect, quality work, and efficiency. The other important value involves evaluating the competencies of individuals. This is relevant as it provides employees with an opportunity to improve the consistency of the appraisal processes (Stewart & Kenneth, 2012). Similarly the use of the appraisal system was aimed at ensuring consistency in the evaluation process. Healthcare organizations have developed guidelines to be followed when an employee scores a certain

Blood Alcohol Content Essay Example for Free

Blood Alcohol Content Essay The thought of alcohol being involved in fatal crashes brings about an emotional response. Recently, there has been a movement based on emotion rather than logic to change a certain drinking and driving law. This involves lowering the Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) from 0. 10% to 0. 08% nationwide. However, this attention is misdirected. By looking at my personal experiences, statistics, and current laws, it is clear that there is no need for lowering the BAC. First off, I do not drink. Yet, I’ve had many experiences relating to drinking and driving through my friends. One thing I’ve noticed is that it is extremely hard for people to tell if they are legally drunk or not. Furthermore, I have never heard any of my friends say that they feel that they should drive home because they have only a . 09% BAC. The law has very little effect on how many drinks a person decides to consume. Therefore, lowering the legal drunk limit will not result in people acting more responsible. Supporters of lowering the BAC like Judith Lee Stone in her essay â€Å"YES! † think they are targeting the problem of drunken driving, but the real problem lies within the higher BACs. Ninety three percent of fatal accidents are 0. 10% BAC and above, and half of those ninety three percent have a BAC of 0. 20% and above. The average BAC for fatal accidents is at actually at 0. 17%. This seems like a more logical target for new laws then 0. 08%. Furthermore, Stone asks â€Å"Who would want their children in a car driven by someone who has consumed three, four, or even more beers in an hour† (Stone 46)? I couldn’t agree more. However, this common argument from the pro-0. 08% side is more like a parent responsibility question. They use this to manipulate our emotion by putting an innocent child in an improbable and unrelated situation. She also goes on to state, â€Å"A study at Boston University found that 500 to 600 fewer highway deaths would occur annually if all states adopted 0. 08%† (Stone 47). On the other hand, a similar study at University of North Carolina shows no significant change after their adoption of 0. 08%. Which study is correct? Most likely, both have some truthfulness. It could be either way depending on the state. The lowering of the Blood Alcohol Content percentage law is unnecessary and useless. Nevertheless, some states have already moved to the 0. 08%, and we hear the argument: â€Å"It makes no sense for a driver to be legally drunk in one state but not in another† (Stone 46). To that, I ask a couple questions of my own. Why can I carry a concealed gun in one state and not another? Why is it that I can drive a certain speed in one state, but a different speed in another? The response to those questions and Stone’s statement is all of the above are state laws. At this point, the federal government seems to get confused. In October 2000, congress passed a law that uses the states’ money against them. It asserts that if a state doesn’t lower its BAC percentage to 0. 08% by 2003, it will lose two percent of its highway money. States that don’t like the law will be forced to vote for it because they are desperate for highway construction money. Strings shouldn’t be attached to this money. What are lost in all of this are the current laws for drunk driving. Driving while impaired is already illegal whether the person tests 0. 04% or 0. 10%. Courts can use alcohol test of 0. 04% and higher as evidence of impairment. It’s at 0. 10% where a person is legally drunk and cannot legally operate a vehicle. Therefore, it’s not as if people who test 0. 08% are going unpunished like the other side would have you believe. In conclusion, anybody who picks out one particular aspect and says that it is not working hasn’t looked that the whole problem. The president for the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Brian O’ Neill, says that he’d rather see resources directed toward enforcing existing drunken driving laws. Hopefully, with more education, more awareness, and more enforcement we can successfully reduce drinking and driving fatalities. Bibliography Stone, Judith Lee. Yes!. Reading and Writing Short Arguments. Ed. William Vesterman. Mountain View, California: Mayfield Publishing Company, 2000. 46-47. Word Count: 702.

Pest Detection on Leafs Using Robot and Processing Labview

Pest Detection on Leafs Using Robot and Processing Labview ABSTRACT: Recent century is a full of technology. None field cant remain without the use of the technology. Agriculture is one of those fields. Agriculture is the backbone of India. Most of the scientists are doing research to increase the cultivate of crops. But one problem still exist which is a major concern of the cultivation of crop and that is crop pests. Due to these problems, The cultivation decreases and hence all the farmers and in turn the country suffers from lack of cultivation of crop. With the recent advancement in image processing and similar related techniques, it is possible to develop an autonomous system for pest classification. Early detection of pest or the initial presence of a bio aggressor is a key-point for crop management. If we are able to detect it at the initial stage, we can prevent pest on leaves without spreading all over the field, which reduces the loss of crop and money. In recent years, the development of the robots in agriculture has agriculture introduced. These robots should be capable of working 24 hours a day, in all weather condition. So if we use robots instead of farmers for detecting the pests on leafs efficiently, we can reduce the loss of crop and money. I. INTRODUCTION Agriculture is the backbone of India. Most  of the scientists are doing research to increase the cultivity of crops. But one problem still exist which is a major concern of the cultivation of crop and that is crop pests. Due to these problems, the cultivation decreases and hence all the farmers and in turn the country suffers from  lack of cultivation of crop. Different types of pesticides are there in market which are used to avoid the damage to fruit and vegetable, but the amount of pesticides to be used is not known due to which the cost as well as the environmental pollution gets affected. A strong demand now exists in many countries for non-chemical control methods for pests or diseases. Greenhouses are considered as biophysical systems with inputs, outputs and control process loops. Most of these control loops are automatized (e.g., climate and irrigation control). However no automatic methods are available which precisely and periodically detect the pests on plants. In fact, in production conditions, periodically observes plants and search for pests. This manual method is too time consuming. Diagnosis is most difficult task to perform manually as it is a function of a number of parameters such as environment, nutrient, organism etc. With the recent advancement in image processing and similar related techniques, it is possible to develop an autonomous system for pest classification. Early detection of pest or the initial presence of a bio aggressor is a key- point for crop management. The detection of biological objects as small as such insects (dimensions are about 2mm) is a real challenge, especially when considering greenhouses dimensions (10- 100m long). For this purpose different measures are undertaken such as manual observation of plants. This method does not give accurate measures. Hence automatic detection is very much important for ea rly detection of pests. Hence we have to detect the pest at the earlier stage not to spread all over the field. If we are able to detect it at the initial stage, we can prevent pest on leafs without spreading all over the field, which reduces the loss of crop and money.  In recent years, the development of robots in agriculture has introduced. These robots should be capable of working 24 hours a day, in all weather conditions. So if we use robots instead of farmers for detecting the pests on leafs efficiently, we can reduce the loss of crop and money. II.  LITERATURE  SURVEY Recent papers are describing to detect  mainly pests like aphids, whiteflies, thrips, etc using various approaches suggesting the various implementation ways as illustrated and discussed below. [1] Proposed a cognitive vision system that combines image processing, learning and knowledge-based techniques. They only detect mature stage of white fly and count the number of flies on single leaflet. They used 180 images as test dataset .among this images they tested 162 images and each image having 0 to 5 whitefly pest. They calculate false negative rate (FNR) and false positive rate (FPR) for test images with no whiteflies (class 1), at least one white fly (class 2) and for whole test set. [2] Extend implementation of the image processing algorithms and techniques to detect pests in controlled environment like greenhouse. Three kinds of typical features including size, morphological feature (shape of boundary), and color components were considered and investigated to identify the three kinds of adult insects, whiteflies, aphids and trips. [3] Promote early pest detection in green houses based on video analysis. Their goal was to define a decision support system which handles a video camera data. They implemented algorithms for detection of only two bioagressors name as white flies and aphids. The system was able to detect low infestation stages by detecting eggs of white flies thus analyzing behavior of white flies. [4] Proposed pest detection system including four steps name as color conversion, segmentation, reduction in noise and counting whiteflies. A distinct algorithm name as relative difference in pixel intensities (RDI) was proposed  for detecting pest named as white fly affecting various leaves. The algorithm not only works for greenhouse based crops but also agricultural based crops as well. The algorithm was tested over 100 images of white fly pest with an accuracy of 96%. [5] Proposed a new method of pest detection and positioning based on binocular stereo to get the location information of pest, which was used for guiding the robot to spray the pesticides automatically.[14] introduced contextual parameter tuning for adaptive image segmentation, that allows to efficiently tune algorithm parameters with respect to variations in leaf color and contrast. III.EXISTING  SYSTEM In earlier days in order to detect the pest  on leafs they used early pest detection in green houses based on video analysis. Their goal was to define a decision support system which handles a video camera data. They implemented algorithms for detection of only two bioagressors name as white flies and aphids. The system was able to detect low infestation stages by detecting eggs of white flies thus analyzing behavior of white flies. But this project has many limitations like it is time consuming process and also the output will not get accurately. So in order to eliminate these limitations ,we are going to proposed a system named pest detection on leafs by using robot and processing in LabVIEW. IV.PROPOSED  SYSTEM In this proposed system we are making  use of robots in order to take the live images from field section to monitoring section. The images taken by the robot processed and the type of disease is displayed accurately. By using this project we can get the output accurately and the type of disease. As we are making use of LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) software ,in this software instead of text there are making use of icons in order to create the programs. compared to the other softwares this software as many advantages like it will not show any errors at the time of executing the program, whereas other softwares even a small error is there means we will not get the output showing there is some errors, it eliminates the limitations in the existing system. Once you taken the image and create the class mentioning the type of samples in LabVIEW, definitely we will get the output mentioning the type of diseases. Workload on farmers is minimized by using these type of system. By making a track for robot it will be worked properly in slippery and unequal surfaces. If we use chain instead of wheels in the field, robot can work more effectively on unequal surface of the field. Farmers dont have to go in the field because robots do their work properly and effectively. Time consumed by the robots for detecting the pest on leafs is less than mankind, which can work efficiently. Fig 1:Block Diagram V.WORKING In block diagram we are using the web camera in order to take the live pictures from field section to the monitoring section. We are using high definition web camera model number (jil-2247).This web camera takes the images of affected leaf which are caused due to pests. Generally we prefer this type of web camera because it has high flexibly, as well the cost of this type of web camera is very less. It will send  live pictures from field section to monitoring section up to 10 meters distance. We are using wired web camera and this web camera is connected to system through USB cable. This web camera is generally monitored through the system. Next we are using Arduino UNO. The Arduino Uno is a Microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet).it has 14 digital input/output pins(of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs),6 Analog inputs,16 MHZ crystal oscillator , a USB connection , a power jack , an ICSP header , and a reset button. In this project we are making use of only 4 digital input/output pins (i.e. pin nos 8, 9, 10, 11), 5v in and Ground pin. These 4 digital pins acts as output pins and also we are making use of 5v output pin as well as ground Pin. Remaining pins we are not using in this project. These 4pins are connected to 4 relays . Relay is nothing more than a switch. A Relay is an electromechanical switch used for one or more of the four (4) purposes 1. To turn something ON. 2. To turn something or disable something. 3. To change the polarity of a wire. 4. To increase the current supply of a wire. In this project we are using four (4) relays 1. for moving forward 2. for moving backward 3. for moving left side 4. for moving right side The main use of these four relays is to move the robot either forward, backward, left side, right side. Based on our request, the particular relay will be on and move in particular direction. These four relays are connected to the two dc motors. In order to work the dc motors we need power supply, so we are using 5v battery. Based on our request the particular relay will be on and this relay will be connected to dc motors and move in a particular direction. Lastly this dc motors are connected to the wheels to rotate. Instead of wheels we can use chains ,this chains can move in even in uneven flat surfaces. This robot take the live pictures from field section to monitoring section without the use of human effort and it will finds whether the leaf had caused marks and based on the marks it will intimate the type of disease. VI.  SOFTWARE  REQUIREMENTS The following are the software requirements used  in this project i. Virtual instrumentation ii. LabVIEW Virtualinstrumentation Virtual Instrumentation is the use of  customizable software and modular measurement hardware to create user-defined measurement systems, called virtual instruments. The concept of a synthetic instrument is a subset of the virtual instrument concept. A synthetic instrument is a kind of virtual instrument that is purely software defined. A synthetic instrument performs a specific synthesis, analysis, or measurement function on completely generic, measurement agnostic hardware. Virtual instruments can still have measurement specific hardware, and tend to emphasize modular hardware approaches that facilitate this specificity. Hardware supporting synthetic instruments is by definition not specific to the measurement, nor is it necessarily (or usually) modular. Leveraging commercially available technologies, such as the PC and the analog to digital converter, virtual instrumentation has grown significantly since its inception in the late  1970s. Additionally, software packages like National Instruments Lab VIEW and other graphical programming languages helped grow adoption by making it easier for non- programmers to develop systems. LabVIEW Lab VIEW (short for Laboratory Virtual  Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is a platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments. Originally released for the Apple Macintosh in 1986, Lab VIEW is commonly used for data acquisition, instrument control, and industrial automation on a variety of platforms including Microsoft Windows, various flavors of  UNIX, Linux, and Mac OS. The programming language used in Lab VIEW, is a dataflow language. Execution is determined by the structure of a graphical block diagram. LabVIEW programs are called virtual instruments (VIs).Controls are inputs and indicators are outputs. Each VI contains three main parts: a. Front panel How the user interacts with the VI b. Block diagram The code that controls the program In LabVIEW, you build a user interface by using a set of tools and objects. The user interface is known as the front panel. You then add code using graphical representations of functions to control the front panel objects. The block diagram contains this code. If organized properly, the block diagram resembles a flowchart. VII.  SCHEMATIC  DIAGRAMS  IN LAB  VIEW Front  Panel: When you have created a new VI or  selected an existing VI, the Front Panel and the Block Diagram for that specific VI will appear as shown in below figure In LabVIEW, you build a user interface, or front panel, with controls and indicators. Controls are knobs, push buttons, dials, and other input devices. Indicators are graphs, LEDs, and other displays. You build the front panel with controls and indicators, which are the interactive input and output terminals of the VI, respectively. Controls are knobs, push buttons, dials, and other input devices. Indicators are graphs, LEDs, and other displays. Controls simulate instrument input devices and supply data to the block diagram of the VI. Indicators simulate instrument output devices and display data the block diagram acquires or generates. Fig 2: Front Panel VIII.  BLOCK  DIAGRAM After you build the user interface, you add  code using VIs and structures to control the front panel objects. The block diagram contains this code. In some ways, the block diagram resembles a flowchart. After you build the front panel, you add code using graphical representations of functions to control the front panel objects. The block diagram contains this graphical source code. Front panel objects appear as terminals, on the block diagram. Block diagram objects include terminals, subVIs, functions, constants, structures, and wires, which transfer data among other block diagram objects. It will accompany the program for the front panel which is shown in below figure Fig 3: Block Diagram IX. WORKING Vision  Acquisition In order to detect the pest in leafs, first we have to acquire the image (i.e. take the image of any one leaf in the field).for taking the image of the leafs we require one web camera. This web camera sends live picture from field section to the monitoring section. The below figure shows the image of the affected leaf which was taken from field Fig4:  Acquiring  the  image  of the  affected leaf Vision  Assistant After acquiring the image of the  affected leaf, assist the image (i.e. mentioning the type of the disease).create a class mentioning the type of disease and take the different samples of the image and store these in particular class. The below figures shows how to create a class, the samples of the different classes and also the samples of the affected leafs created in a particular in a particular class is as shown below Fig 5: a class of the affected leaf Fig 6: Samples of the affected leaf RobotControl After creating a class and storing the samples of the affected leaf in that particular class, take photo of the another leaf which was affected by same pest in another field with the help of robot by moving either forward, backward, left side, right-side in front panel. The below figures represents the field section and monitoring section, photo taken in front panel Fig 7:Image taken with the help of robot Fig 8: Monitoring section and Field section RESULTCONCLUSION By using this project we can detect the pest on affected leafs and also we can detect two or more diseases in one particular leaf. after taking the image in front panel ,it will be displayed on the screen as image is detected and the type of disease is:.the below figure represents the result of the affected leaf mentioning whether the disease is detected or not. Figure represents the image taken for the affected leaf with the help of robot and figure represents the output of the image whether the leaf is detected or not: and also the type of disease is as mentioned in the figure INPUT: Fig 9: Image taken with the help of robot OUTPUT Fig10: screenshot showing the disease of the affected leaf We are taking the image of the affected leaf with the help of web camera using robot by moving either left side, right side, backward, downward and after processing it finds whether the disease is detected, if it is detected the type of disease is displayed on the screen. CONCLUSIONFUTURESCOPE Future scope of this type of robots are  very bright because it is very useful in agriculture and reduce the workload. It reduce the time consumed in spraying the pesticide liquid and works very effectively. It will help the farmers to do work in any season and conditions. It will reduce the danger for the farmers from different breathing and physical problems. This type of robots are being used in bicontrol of avocao posttharvest diseases. This type of robots are used for managing diseases in greenhouse crops as well as many other crops. This type of robots are also used in the  fields to detect the fruit is ripen or not and also used for many other purposes REFERENCES [1]. P. Boissard, V. Martin, S. Moisan A  Cognitive Vision Approach to Early Pest Detection in Greenhouse Crops Computer and Electronics in Agriculture Journal,  62(2):83-93, April 2008. [2]. J. Cho, J. Choi Automatic identification ofwhiteflies, aphids and thrips in greenhouse based on image analysis International journal of mathematics and computers in simulation March 27,2007. [3]. Sanjay B. Patil, Dr. Shrikant K. Bodhe Leaf disease severity measurement using image Processing International Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol.3 (5),  2011, 297-301. [4]. M. T. Maliappis, K. P. Ferentinos, H. C.  Passam And A. B. Sideridis [2008] Gims: A Web based GreenhouseIntelligent Management System,World Journal of AGRICLTURAL Sciences 4(5):640-647. [5]. C. Bauch and T. Rath, Prototype of a Vision Based System for Measurements of White Fly Infestation,Institute of Horticultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Hannover. [6]. Ganesh Bhadane, Sapana Sharma and Vijay B. Nerkar, Early Pest Identification in Agricultural Crops using Image Processing Techniques, International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering 2(2): 7782(2013). [7]. Presents an automatic method for classification of the main agents that cause damages to soybean leaflets,i.e., beetles and caterpillars using SVM classifier.[12] proposed Back propagation neural network for recognition of leaves, diseases, pests.

Karl Marx and the Ideal Society Essay -- capital communism freedom wor

Karl Marx and the Ideal Society One of the greatest debates of all time has been regarding the issue of the freedom of mankind. The one determining factor, for Marx, it that freedom is linked with class conflict. As a historian, Karl Marx traced the history of mankind by the ways in which the economy operated and the role of classes within the economy. For Marx, the biggest question that needed to be answered was â€Å"Who owns freedom?† With this in mind, Marx gives us a solution to both the issues of freedom and class conflict in his critique of capitalism and theory of communism, which is the ideal society for Marx. His theory of communism is based on the â€Å"ultimate end of human history† because there will be freedom for all humankind. Marx saw communism as the ideal society because it is "the genuine resolution of the conflict between man and man- the true resolution of the strife between existence and essence...between freedom and necessity" that capitalism fosters. Marx was also committed t o the notion that theory and action go hand in hand. Marx dismissed earlier thinkers because they (philosophers) "have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point, however, is to change it." He also stated "Ideas cannot carry out anything at all. In order to carry out ideas men are needed who can exert practical force". However, Marx would have been appalled by the way his theory of communism was misused. It can be said, though, that Marx's theory of communism was clearly open for interpretation because he failed to offer "principles or guidelines of even the most general kind" for how the system of communism was to be fully established. It was this opportunity for interpretation that made Marx's theory of communism doomed for failure when it was used in practice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marx’s theory stems from the social conditions existing during his lifetime. This was when the industrial revolution was hitting its stride. Great technological advances were being made to the modes of production, especially in the areas of agriculture and textiles. This was the main factor that drove peasants from the countryside to find work in the cities. In addition, capitalism had emerged as the dominant form of economics. Marx contended that class is based upon the economic conditions of society. He identified class through the history of the changing modes of production. In a capital... ...leads to change. Marx certainly believed and documented this and based his theory of communism upon it. However, the gaps left in his theory have resulted in varying interpretation to what he originally envisioned. A society without class or state may very well have been achieved if his theory had given more direction as to the details for its establishment. Instead, Marx's theory has been twisted and rewritten to suit the interests of others. Perhaps the greatest problem with his theory "is that no one has tried it". Bibliography Bakunin: The Philosophy of Freedom, Brian Morris, Black Rose Books, 1993. Marxism and Class Theory, Frank Parkin, Columbia University Press, 1979. Marx: A Clear Guide, Edward Reiss, Pluto Press, 1997. Revolution and Counter-revolution in Germany, Frederick Engels, Foreign Languages Press, 1977. Capital, Karl Marx, Progress Publishers, 1971. German Ideology, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, International Publishers, 1996. European Democracies, Jurg Steiner, Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 1998. The Outlook: Worker-Capitalists of the World Unite, Jacob M. Schlesinger, The Wall Street Journal, Monday, November 15,1999.

Good Country People by Flannery OConnor Essay -- essays research pape

Good Country People by Flannery O'Connor Good Country People'; by Flannery O’Connor is an excellent example of irony in literature. From beginning to end it has a steady procession of irony, much of it based on the title of the story: â€Å"Good Country People.'; In the beginning of the story we meet Mrs. Freeman, wife of the hired hand. She and her husband have been working for Mrs. Hopewell for four years. â€Å"The reason for her keeping them so long was that they were not trash. They were ‘Good Country People,’'; according to Mrs. Hopewell. Ironically one of the first things we learn about Mrs. Freeman is that her previous employer has called her â€Å"the nosiest woman ever to walk the earth.'; Then, as the story progresses, we learn she has â€Å"a special fondness for the details of secret infections, hidden deformities, assaults upon children';. It seems that for a â€Å"good country person'; she has a perverse curiosity in the macabre. She particularly enjoys hearing all the details of how Joy/Hulga had her leg literally blasted off in a hunting accident. As the story moves on we can see the conflict between Mrs. Hopewell and her daughter Joy/Hulga. Joy/Hulga treats her mother with disdain, and does everything she can to emphasize her own individuality. She professes to believe in nothing. She is a proud intellectual and has little doubt of her belief in â€Å"nothingness.'; However, ironically in the end she is proven to be very muc...

Analysis of pope joan Essay

The researcher analyzed Pope Joan’s life focusing on gender issues. The novel Pope joan written by donna wool folk cross is one of the keys to find the most important information and thus answer the questions and attain the objective of the study, also to gather the needed data library research and browsing various websites were done. This study aims to show how the pope upheld her empowerment in three levels of equality: conscientization, participation, and access. The study. The described how the Filipino women way of living differ to those women who live in the time of pope Joan’s time. Qualitative method of research was employed in the study.the novel pope Joan by donna wool folk cross served as the primary source of data. The study presented how pope Joan upheld women empowerment in different levels of equality. Based on the novel pope Joan build an institution for women named st.catherine to be able for them to learn and for them to have good reasons and be equal in decision making as well as to control the balance of power. these objectives of pope Joan contribute to the participation as one levels of equality. In the sense of conscientization, pope Joan corrected some cardinal priest as they preach that upon resurrection women’s imperfection would be remedied, eliminating that line might helpthe priest to achieve better effect with the female parishioners, pope Joan’s objective and mission did not affect the roman contemporary culture where conforming authority and power are played bt men, while women occupy the subordinate position in terms of access in levels of quality pope Joan rebuild the marcian aqueduct using the papal treasure for the health of poorest people in the city. She also applies her abilities and knowledge gain in fulda such good reasoning, and medical skill. In the light of the facts revealed, the researcher recommendation to improve critical thinking as well as raising of gender sensitivity awareness, students must have an open mind as they critically analyzed literary pieces on gender and development as they are future community leaders. Teacher of literature must consider instructional materials that will help in deeper understanding of the students on varied ways of advocating gender and women improvement and community.

Marketing Strategy †Adidas

ProductThe group has maintained a culture of providing high quality products aimed at providing the best value to the costumer. The products portfolio is continuously enhanced through creations and innovations throughout the companies various categories.This is pursued in order to cater to the various needs and wants of consumers worldwide. Well-known brands for sports apparels, equipment and accessories, the Adidas group has a diverse brand portfolio consists of: Adidas: footwear, apparel and accessories; Reebok: footwear, apparel and accessories; TaylorMade Adidas Golf: Golf Equipment, footwear, apparel and accessories; Rockport: Dress, casual and outdoor footwear, apparel and accessories; CCMHockey: Hockey equipment and apparel. Adidas had implement latest technologies in their products which able to enhance performances of players and they focus on sports such as football, tennis, basketball and even training shoes which are used by anyone with the ability to run. Their new techn ologies have lead to the production of Climacool, a shoe with a ventilation system and a shoe with an energy management system that guides and drives an athlete’s foot through each stride. PriceAdidas adapt a premium pricing strategy which it is a strategy where companies charge a premium price for their products. Adidas is trying to penetrating markets by using market skimming tactics – use premium strategy and offer high quality and customer satisfaction for high prices. This had clearly positions itself as a top-notch brand in the market.PlaceThe company has adopted an ambitious global plan to distribute its products to the consumer with a strong focus on controlled space, including: Own-retail business, e-commerce, Shop-in-Shop, Joint ventures with retail partners, mono-branded franchise stores, co-branded stores with sports organizations and other brands. Hence, a high level of brand control is provided. In addition, an â€Å"integrated distribution roadmap† has been set up to ensure further growth and to increase brand presence in under-penetrated, affluent cities, without cannibalizing their own brands and distribution mix.PromotionThe Adidas group sells products in virtually every country of the world. Thus, different promotional tools are used in order to reduce the number of lost customers and to increase sales. The group has set up an unparalleled portfolio of promotion partnerships with international recognized sports associations (e.g. UEFA, FIFA, NBA, NFL, and NHL). Henceforth, commercials, ads, apps for smart phones, product placement, sponsorships for athletes and sport events (e.g. Berlin Marathon 2011) are implemented. Adidas has provided the Official Match Ball containing Logo of the Adidas for FIFA World Cup 2010 (South Africa).Adidas is tier one partner and sponsor for the coming London 2012 Olympics – one of the important Sporting Event of the World. The officials and staff of 2012 Olympics wearing Adidas Sport swear during Inaugural and Closing ceremonies will always leave Adidas in the brains of the Millions of the people watching these ceremonies. Adidas has hailed its biggest ever UK marketing campaign ‘Take the Stage’ for lifting sales of London 2012-related merchandise to around  £100m.Q2. Why Adidas Sponsor In London Olympics But Not New York Or Malaysia? A worldwide sporting event like The Olympics or world Cup provides a huge marketing opportunity for sports apparel companies, which have long enjoyed a spike in sales during such events. Historically, the Olympic Games have been an ideal forum for brands looking to strengthen their global presence. â€Å"Faster, Higher, Stronger†: it is the motto of the Olympic Games. But it is also a pretty good fit for the global market for athletic footwear, apparel and equipment.Retail sales totaled an estimated USD 340 billion in 2011. That represented growth of 7%, well ahead of global GDP growth of 2.5%. Companies have paid hefty sums for the privilege of being associated with the Games, convinced that no other event in the world offers the unique combination of mass worldwide exposure and fostering of positive values. London Olympics will put sport into the living rooms of billions of consumers around the globe, which should help to keep revenues in the segment on an upward trajectory. London is a key focus for the sportswear market, for both performance sportswear and sports fashion.This market sets more trends than anywhere else in the country. London 2012 gave Adidas a  platform to target this audience but with a global reach. As a result of the marketing strategy in London 2012, Adidas said that the Olympics, alongside its sponsorship activity around the European Championships and the Champions League, helped push sales up 15 per cent to â‚ ¬3.5bn ( £2.8bn) year-on-year in its second quarter. Net income jumped 18% to â‚ ¬165m ( £129m). Other non Olympic host – such as Malay sia, did not gain sponsorship from Adidas although Malaysia had hosted some major sport events such as F1.However, car racing is not there main product line of Adidas. Adidas main pipelines lies in running, training, football, basketball etc, which these sport is also a major attention worldwide. F1 for example, did not have vast amount of audience compare to football and basketball. Return of investment for sponsoring are not significant as market penetration is not huge as per Olympics.

Advantages of Cooking a Food by Yourself Essay

Foods have important for human’s life. Some people choose prepare food at home, because it’s a save money. In the other hand, some people want to comfortable and save time, they choose eating ready-made meal. But, if you like to take care oneself, I can advise to you about advantages for cooking at home by yourselves. There are three advantages of home cooking; healthy, budget saving and family communicates. First of all, home cooking will make a healthier because you can choose fresh ingredients and high quality for planned menu. If you want diet or take care of eating, you should cook at your house. Such as, food’s material and seasoning for cook, it have label show nutrient information to you. It will help to you calculate volume and control the ingredient. Moreover, if you want to eat vegetarian food, you will be confident for prepare food by yourselves. For some people seriously to process cooking some food. Although, you ordering in high price restaurant, you will not surely them because chef will make a dish in kitchen that you can’t look it. In short, at present, many people see healthy as important, them pay attention to eating and exercise. So, cooking at home is a good choice for you. Second, eating at home is a great to reduce the expenses for daily food. Such as, you spend for once meal at restaurant, it be equal to you cook a two or three meal at home. Moreover, you just to pay rent on your house or apartment, and buy kitchen equipment, you should use kitchen to most benefit. All in all, if you don’t believe me, you can try to calculate how much money you can different to save when you go to restaurant with cooking at home. You will be surprised, it a good ways to save money. Last, in your family, you can use cooking activity for increase communication. Home cooking, is a fun activity when doing it with the other members in your family. For example, you can guide to prepare food for your kids. They can help to you and your children have a nice relationship. Furthermore, you can sit in front of the TV and watch an interesting TV program with family. Finally, having home-cooking at home, they are closer and share some good or bad moments happened that time. So, if you want to add relation for family, it a good reason for started to cook a food in your family. In conclusion, There are three reason support about advantage prepare of food by yourselves. It is a better choice for people who love to take care of health, save budget, and increase family relationship.

Gun control memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gun control memo - Essay Example As such, this brief analysis will seek to consider the debate from the perspective of the pro-gun control movement. In such a way, it will be the express goal of this author to relate to the reader some of the most powerful arguments in favor of further gun control and the rationale behind these (Winkler 41-43). The first, and perhaps most contentious of the issues that this analysis will seek to discuss, is the issue of whether or not the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution sought to convey individual gun rights to the citizen. Although the law has long been interpreted to mean just this, the fact of the matter is that when one reads the Second Amendment from a literalist perspective, it is quite clear that the Second Amendment is speaking to the needs of the states and individual regions of the newly formed United States to form a militia as a means of protecting the Republic (Egendorf 54). In such a way, the Second Amendment can and should be interpreted as little more than admission from the Federal government that it promises not to infringe upon the rights of the militias (National Guard and Army Reserves) to maintain a stock of weaponry for the purpose of defense and securing the borders of the new nation (Lott 32). This particular argument hinges upon interpretation o f the Constitution; one of the most contested documents within the political spectrum. However, from a rhetorically honest standpoint, the text of the bill specifies specifically what it denotes; i.e. the right of the states and by extension the militias under their control to retain weapons. In short, such argument is valid; however, it cannot be used to engage those members of the pro-gun persuasion because they have almost invariably chosen to interpret the document by a wholly different standard (Winkler 12). The second argument, which will be utilized