Special Interests Groups and Political Participation Paper

Review of Special Interest Groups and Political Participation There are many Special Interest Groups involved in the influence of public policy. The view about the influence these Special Interest Groups create is that their attempts are biased to their special interest and the interests of their clients. Unfortunately, the influence of the most well funded interest groups overshadows even the most well intentioned under funded interest groups. This paper will focus on one special interest group that certainly is biased to the civil liberties of the public in general, and does not have the greatest of funds as backing but does have the ingenuity to get their voice heard. â€Å"The Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) is a†¦show more content†¦One example of their impact is the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems proposed for use in public school children in California and other states, and as the new electronic passport for travelers. EPIC’s po sition, is that the RFID system would make access to the child or traveler’s personal information with out their knowledge easy for unauthorized individuals by merely scanning the RFID while in range of a scanner. â€Å"EPIC and other civil liberties groups have filed comments (pdf) to urge the State Department to scrap its plans to require RFID passports for all American travelers.† (www.epic.org). Another example of the impact the Electronic Privacy Information Center has had, is through the national airlines second-generation passenger profiling system known as CAPPS-II (Computer Assisted Passenger Pre-Screening System). â€Å"EPIC joined a broad coalition of national organizations urging Congress to stop the deployment of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  CAPPS-II, â€Å"The coalition letter asked Congress to assess the program’s effectiveness, its cost, and its impact on civil liberties before allowing the agency to move forward with the surveillance program.† (E PIC 2003 Annual report).Through these efforts the government is re-evaluating their positions on RFIDs and CAPPS-II. With all the gains and positive influence that the Electronic Privacy Information Center has created for the civil liberties of the public, they have done so without their efforts being at theShow MoreRelatedCollective Action Problems And Solutions Essay966 Words   |  4 PagesCollective Action Problems Incentives Required For Individuals to Work Together Collective action problems arise in politics because as individuals we are conflicted between our own interest and the interest of the group. Our choice is either to be selfish or cooperate with the group. â€Å"It involves building, combining, mixing, and amalgamating people’s individual goals† (Lowi, et al. 13). There are three main theories as to why collective action problems exist. First, according to Mancur OlsonRead MoreRole Of An Interest Group On The United States And. Texas Political System Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesAn interest group also known as a special interest group or a lobby is an organized group of individuals, organizations, or businesses who share a goal. The interest group forms an alliance in support of their cause to influence public policy and government officials in the group s favor. The goal of the group could be focused on small group, such as the Japan Eraser Manufacturer s Association; or the goal could be focused on a large public group, such as family and friends of public school-agedRead MoreTexas Parent Pac : An Organization Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pages2016 Texas Parent PAC An interest group also known as a special interest group or a lobby is an organized group of individuals, organizations, or businesses who share a goal. The interest group forms an alliance in support of their cause to influence public policy and government officials in the group s favor. The goal of the group could be focused on small group, such as the Japan Eraser Manufacturer s Association; or the goal could be focused on a large public group, such as family and friendsRead MoreFrench Government: An Oligarchy Rather Than a Polyarchy Essay1188 Words   |  5 PagesThe modern French government is a unique political entity like no other in history. In my research paper I aim to show that while Frances system of government appears democratic it is in actuality not. I plan to demonstrate it is more of an oligarchy than a polyarchy, polyarchy being fundamentally necessary for democracy. Drawing on research from conflict theorists I plan to show that France is not truly democratic. I plan to first draw a parallel between research on France as a pluralist stateRead MoreThe On The Workings Of The Constitution Convention Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Constitution of the United States has served as the foundation for the American system of government. It defined the structure and limits of the American political system and created an elaborate the system of checks and balances as a means of controlling the power of government. Since the ratification of the Constitution, many political reformers and scientists had begun examining the theoretical perspective behind the working of the Constitutional Convention and the ratification debate. At theRead MoreThe Supreme Court s Decision For Judge : The Rising Political, Financial, And Legal Stakes Essay1017 Words   |  5 Pages1. Cann, Damon M. Running for Judge: The Rising Political, Financial and Legal Stakes of Judicial Elections. Justice System Journal, vol. 30, no. 3, 2009. http://search.proquest.com.libproxy.troy.edu/criminaljusticeperiodicals /docview/194793314/fulltextPDF/60EB05238A474698PQ/1?accountid=38769 The article introduces the Supreme Court’s decision in Republican party of Minnesota v. White which rendered the speech restriction on judicial candidates unconstitutional, and explainsRead MoreHow Democratic The European Union1645 Words   |  7 PagesT he following paper will address the question of how democratic the European Union is by analysing each of its institutions and the decision procedures in the European context. It will take into account the special role of the European Union as â€Å"a system of polycentric governance† (Garner, 2009: 230), and the complex relationships between its institutions and the institutions of its member countries. Hereby taking into account that the â€Å"EU can be characterized as ‘a system of network governance’Read MoreWomen Empowerment And Education : A Global Issue1548 Words   |  7 PagesWomen empowerment and education Women Empowerment is a global issue and discussion on women political right are at the fore front of many formal and informal campaigns worldwide. The concept of women empowerment was introduced at the international women conference at NAROIBI in 1985. Education is milestone of women empowerment because it enables them to responds to the challenges, to confront their traditional role and change their life. So that we can’t neglect the importance of education in referenceRead MoreJudicial Elections : Annotated Bibliography Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesJudicial Elections: An Annotated Bibliography 1. Cann, Damon M. Running for Judge: The Rising Political, Financial and Legal Stakes of Judicial Elections. Justice System Journal, vol. 30, no. 3, 2009. http://search.proquest.com.libproxy.troy.edu/criminaljusticeperiodicals /docview/194793314/fulltextPDF/60EB05238A474698PQ/1?accountid=38769 The article introduces the Supreme Court’s decision in Republican party of Minnesota v. White which rendered the speech restriction on judicialRead MoreHow China Hong Kong Relations1305 Words   |  6 PagesJessica Afonso 999565938 HIS385H1 Professor Lim How China-Hong Kong Relations Have Resulted in Today’s Occupy Movement Introduction This paper will use various scholarly articles to explain how China-Hong Kong relations ultimately impacted Hong Kong and resulted in the present-day pro-democracy protests (Occupy) throughout the territory. The Succeeding History on the Government of Hong Kong British Colonization and Beginning of Settlement The British occupied Hong Kong in 1841, which provided

The Role of Women in Ancient Egyptian Society Essay

It is difficult to fully understand the role of women in ancient Egyptian society because the understandings of the society and government are still incomplete. There are also two other major problems, those being that there is very little source material on women, and the material that has been found was biased by the ideas and minds of previous Egyptologists. The only source material that has survived from great kingdoms of Egypt is material that has been either found in tombs on the walls and sarcophaguses, or carved on major government and religious document. None of the writings on papyrus and other delicate materials survived. This material, which has survived, is the writings of the Egyptian literate male elite. In their†¦show more content†¦Ancient Egyptian courts were composed of members of the society who were trusted and revered. Marriage did not affect a woman’s legal standing; a married woman had the same rights as a single one. This is because property did not automatically transfer over to the husband after he married a woman. Rather she remained in control of all of her assets until the day that she would die. Her land and her affairs remained hers, unaffected by her mate. In fact, a woman in ancient Egypt had the legal right to loan money to her husband. Many scenes, drawn in tombs, depict the social freedom of women. They are shown partaking in business transactions with their husbands, and at times, some women were even executing their own business ventures. At hunts, they are shown in crowds cheering for the success of the hunters, and women are shown sitting along side of men at great gatherings and feasts. While women in ancient Egypt were not free in terms of most of today’s societies, neither were men. Neither man nor woman knew anything of the modern concept of liberty and equality. Their society was hierarchical, and not based on free will. During the Ptolemaic period of Egyptian history, Greek women enjoyed a much higher status living in Egypt, than they would have back in Greece, â€Å"It has been suggested that perhaps Greek women observed Egyptian womenShow MoreRelatedWomen in Ancient Egypt and Greece1311 Words   |  6 PagesWomen in Ancient Egypt and Greece By Morgan L. Harvey Throughout history women have faced many struggles in gaining equality with men. Freedoms and boundaries have been dependent upon the time period, rulers, religions and civilization. Ancient Greek women and Ancient Egyptian women were both equal to men as far as the law was concerned in certain areas; however, their equalities were different in the sense that Greek women were married out of necessity and viewed as property while EgyptianRead MoreAncient Athenian And Egyptian Women1466 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most striking differences between ancient Athenian women and ancient Egyptian women was the ability to hold positions of power. Egyptian women were monarchs and held other positions depending on their social status. (Capel 1996, 176) Women were allowed to participate in low ranking government jobs, especially during war when the men are off fighting and leaving behind their positions. However, these positions were not kept for long because the men upon return automatical ly earned theirRead More Ancient Egyptian Culture835 Words   |  4 PagesAncient Egypt was a fascinating and complex place. Luckily for historians, Egyptians had made great strides in record keeping which have made studying their culture and society easier than some previous historical eras. Ancient Egyptians were a people who were intensely religious, deeply divided by gender roles and a strong hierarchy, and quite advanced for their period in terms of their technological and economic innovations. Egyptians were deeply religious, and religion played a role in nearlyRead MoreWomen s Roles During Ancient Egypt1665 Words   |  7 PagesArchaeology April 24, 2015 Women s Roles in Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa and it was one of the six civilizations globally to arise independently. Egyptian civilization began around 3150 BC and only ended nearly 30 centuries later due to the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 B.C. Noted for their great pyramids of the Old Kingdom, historians often question the gender roles in society. The main sources of information about ancient Egypt is evident throughRead MoreEssay on Forgotten Half of History: Women in Ancient Civilization1569 Words   |  7 Pages Women in Ancient civilizations could be seen as a backbone for women today. Women are often seen as inferior to men and their vital role in the unfolding of ancient civilizations. There have been many vital roles that women have played throughout history. Women in all Ancient civilizations faced many of the same hardships, prejudices, and struggles. Two specific ancient civilizations, which had similar aspects, were Ancient Egypt and Anc ient Rome. In these two ancient civilization, women playedRead MoreEssay on Rights Of Egyptian Women1669 Words   |  7 Pages Rights of Egyptian Women nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout written history, women have experienced status subservient to the men they lived with. Generally, most cultures known to modern historians followed a standard pattern of males assigned the role of protector and provider while women were assigned roles of domestic servitude. Scholars speculate endlessly at the cause: biology, religion, social custom. Nevertheless, the women were always subordinated to the men in their culture. ThroughRead MoreWomen in Ancient Egypt1539 Words   |  7 PagesThe role of women within Egyptian society was a highly complex one. Differing depending on their particular class and place within the social hierarchy, the women of ancient Egypt are often described as the most legally free and equal of any ancient civilisation. Our knowledge of the role played by the Egyptian women is somewhat limited. The majority of evidence for the Egyptians everyday life comes from within the mortuary sphere, a realm in which the male dominated and women received little attentionRead MoreIt Sometimes Can Be Very Hard When Trying To Understand1482 Words   |  6 Pages It sometimes can be very hard when trying to understand the roles and responsibilities an ancient Egyptian woman has, mainly because there is not much information about woman that is not biased. Luckily information can be found in tombs or through religious documentation. It is also worth noting that these writings did not include any emotion, however, this is typical for Egyptians anyways. In Egypt, people wrote only to keep a record of events, not to tell a story. Men who were wealthy and hadRead MoreThe Role Of Traditional Patriarchal Structure Of Society1485 Words   |  6 PagesSocieties and cultures define the apparent intrinsic nature, behavior, and emotions that are associated to one’s gender. These assumed characteristics influence the culturally or socially held beliefs, creating a diversified dichotomy of gender, which eventually excludes one from major social privilege (i.e. forms of legality, economic participation, jobs, etc). Traditional gender stereotypes are most representative and stark in a uniformly hegemonistic culture, like that of some ancient societies

Dangers of Online Predators free essay sample

Law enforcement agencies and parents have to do whatever it takes to protect children ND they should make sure that the necessary steps are taken. Law enforcement agencies are using the media and they are holding online to help capture these offenders. Parents should make sure that their home computers have the proper software, know who kids are friends with online, gain access to all emails kids use, make sure computers are visible at all times, and never turn a blind eye and think that this will never happen to their children. Kids safety is always a priority and they should be guarded at all times. I have chosen a degree In Criminal Justice with an emphasis In Cyber-crimes to protect kids against online predators. Educating parents and children about the dangers of online predators and discussing how law enforcement agencies and parents can protect our children is the first step. This paper will discuss what kids dont know about online predators, how these online predators are hiding their Identities from law enforcement, how law enforcement Is cracking down on online predators, and most Importantly, how parents can protect their kids against online predators.Kids do not realize that predators look for kids with a lack of self-esteem, ids that are vulnerable, and kids that are having problems at home. These offenders meet children in public chat rooms geared towards teens and teens engaging in sexual subjects (Walk, 2004). They will soon lure kids into private chat rooms or instant messaging. Some offenders lie about age and or sex to gain trust of children. Once trust Is built, the predator Introduces the child to pornography. This lowers the childs inhibitions and desensitizing the child to nudity, and validates adult-child sexual relations (Person, 2003).After all these things occurs, a face to face meet teen the child and predator often follows, and the child is usually sexually abused or worse (killed). Some offenders create child-like avatars, go online and pose as teenagers. Predators use free WI-IF at public access points or connect to insecure wireless They hide IP addresses by using proxy servers. Predators use throw- away, free e- mail accounts such as hush mails (private emails that children set up and hide from their parents) and counter surveillance methods. Offenders use pre-paid credit cards to hide any online transactions. They also steal IP addresses of business to avoid detection. These measures that offenders are taking, is making it hard for law enforcement to track them down (NIECES, 2010). Law enforcement officers are posing as minors online and assuming different gender to catch online predators (Mitchell, 2005). There is also the media, like the television show To Catch a Predator, to catch and arrest some of these predators. Cyber Tip-lines have been formed so that if parents see anything that is inappropriate they can report it to law enforcement.The FBI, Homeland Security, and other agencies have put together different types of operations to protect kids from inline predators (NIECES, 2010). Law enforcement officers are collecting and preserving all evidence of grooming, such as pornography, Web cameras, and other electronic equipment to bring down these predators (Brown, 2001). Law enforcement agencies across the nation are taking the necessary steps so that evidence can be given to the prosecutor and use at trial to show the perpetrators motivation (Brown, 2001). Parents should talk to their kids about the dangers of online predators.They should become computer literate and learn the lingo that children use online, PLUS parents looking over my shoulder), FT (lets meet face to face), and other abbreviations. Parents should put parental software on computer to monitor sites and keep kids off unsafe sites (Tomorrows, 2007). Home computers should be kept in a family room or kitchen so that parents can monitor and see exactly what sites the children are on. Parents should also discourage their kids from going into chat rooms, especially, private chat rooms with strangers.They should always make sure they know who all of their childrens friends are on the internet (Tomorrows, 2007). When a parent notices inappropriate material on their computer they should notify law enforcement immediately. Parents should use all these measures plus become familiar with the internet and the language their kids use on the computer to protect them from online predators. I have chosen to get my Bachelors degree in Criminal Justice with an emphasis in Cyber-crimes to protect kids from online predators.In the Cyber-crime field I will be able to protect kids from online predators and educate parents and kids of the online dangers that lurk in cyberspace. Online predators are trying to manipulate and prey on children that are going through something in their home life. Predators are getting smarter and wiser when it comes to lurking and preying on children through the internet. They are taking many precautionary measures to protect their identity from our kids and law enforcement. The FBI, Homeland Security, and other agencies have put together task forces to stop online predators. Law enforcement have partnered with the television show To Catch a Predator to stop online predators. Most of the predators that are arrested on this show are men between the ages of 20 to 55 years of age. Law enforcement and prosecutors are doing everything they can to put these criminals behind bars. Parents should take need not turn a blind eye and think that their child will not become prey to predators while online.They need to get computer literate and learn the lingo that their children are using while they are on the internet. Parents need to educate their kids about online dangers and keep their computers in areas where traffic is heavy flowing. They also need to get the proper software on their computers to cut down the risk of predators getting to their children. In summary, parents and law enforcement officials need to work together to educate themselves and kids about the dangers of online predators because online predators are doing whatever it takes to manipulate and prey on children.

Pandora in Art and Culture Essay Example

Pandora in Art and Culture Essay According to our understanding of Greek mythology, Pandora was thefirst woman created by the gods and given to the humans. According to various versions of the myth she was a true gift to them, or a trap, or even a punishment for accepting forbidden fire. One way or another, she was gifted with great beauty and important skills and charms. Pandoras very name means All Gifted, and suggests that the gods were most generous to her and to humans through her. However, she was also gifted with a magic jar she was instructed never to open.(Over time this jar was changed into a box in most retellings) When her curiosity ot the better of her and she opened the box, all the ills of the world were released. At the bottom of This archetypical story of how woman infected the world with evil is closely related, and one might even say identical, to the Judeo-Christian story of Eve and the forbidden fruit. Historically Pandora has been consistently morphed with Eve in retellings and art. As with her Judeo- Christian counterpart, the way that society has approached Pandora and her story are a sort of litmus test for the way that society approaches women and their mythological and philosophical relationship to that society. It is interesting to see how Pandoras reflections in art have subtly and certainly changed over the centuries. Pandora was a popular figure in Grecian art, and generally represented as an idealized female progenitor. By the time of the Renaissance she had been sexualized and more thoroughly associated with death, and the sins and dangers of seductive Eve. Still the box takes a secondary place in the focus of the artwork. During the Protestant influenced baroque period her grace and beauty was stripped away leaving only the bloated distortion of female lust and greed behind. At that point she begins to be seen opening the box, and releasing its ills. Yet by

Haiti VS. Cuba essays

Haiti VS. Cuba essays Is there a double standard that exists in US immigration policies? Are there preferences depending on what country you are coming from? Treatment between Haitians and Cubans, when they arrive to the United States, differs. When Cubans reach the U.S. they are racketed through immigration, and within a short period of time are released to their family. The American experience for Haitians is the contrary. The treatment is unfair, affects our lives, and may be possible to solve. This situation has at many times divided the community of Miami. This is a local and state problem. It affects anyone who is or knows someone that migrated to this country. Discrimination still occurs among us. The distinction of the ways Cubans and Haitians are dealt with is a prime example. Are there any reasons behind the method the two different groups are handled? The variation in management between Haitians and Cubans is a situation that could perhaps have a resolution. Everyday people migrate to the United States of America. A nation that offers hope and liberty to those of countries that does not offer this. Miami is a major port to those coming in from many places, especially the South America and the islands of the Caribbean. Cubans are among those that come to the United States in search of a better life. Cubans flee their communist country in hope of a fair and free government. Cuban immigrants are treated as special cases. When those of other countries seek refuge in America they are deported, jailed, or at times even killed. Cubans have this preference due to the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966. The acts purpose is To adjust the status of Cuban refuges to that of lawful permanent residents of the United States, and for other purposes. What this basically means is that any Cuban that sets foot on American soil is to be granted legal resident status. Sara Munoz (2000) states that no such policy exists in relation to the larger amount of ...

Synthetic vs. Conventional Motor Oil

Synthetic vs. Conventional Motor Oil According to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, 85 percent of the motor oil changed at home by do-it-yourself-ers. About 9.5 million gallons a year in that state alone ends up disposed of improperly in sewers, soil, and trash. Multiply that by 50 states and it is easy to see how used motor oil might well be one of the largest sources of pollution affecting groundwater and U.S. waterways. The implications are startling indeed, as one quart of oil can create a two-acre sized oil slick, and a gallon of oil can contaminate a million gallons of fresh water. The Lesser of Two Evils Conventional motor oils are derived from petroleum, whereas synthetic oils are replicas manufactured from chemicals that are really no kinder to the environment than petroleum. Plus, those chemicals used to make synthetic oil also come from, ultimately, petroleum. As such, conventional and synthetic motor oils are about equally guilty when it comes to how much pollution they create. But Ed Newman, Marketing Manager for AMSOIL Inc., which has been producing and selling synthetics since the 1970s, believes that the synthetics are environmentally superior for the simple reason that they last about three times as long as conventional oils before they have to be drained and replaced. Additionally, Newman says that synthetics have lower volatility and, therefore, do not boil off or vaporize as quickly as petroleum motor oils. Synthetics lose from 4 percent to 10 percent of their mass in the high-heat conditions of internal combustion engines, whereas petroleum-based oils lose up to 20 percent, he says. Economically, however, synthetics are more than three times the cost of petroleum oils, and whether or not they are worth the difference is the subject of frequent, inconclusive debate among auto enthusiasts. Do Your Homework But before deciding for yourself, consult your car’s owner’s manual regarding what the manufacturer recommends for your model. You can void your car’s warranty if the manufacturer requires one type of oil and you put in another. For instance, many car manufacturers require that you use only synthetic motor oil for their higher-end models. These cars can now go up to 10,000 miles between oil changes. Natural Alternatives While synthetics seem to be the lesser of two evils for now, some promising new alternatives derived from vegetable products are coming of age. A pilot project at Purdue University, for example, has produced motor oil from canola crops that outperforms both traditional and synthetic oils with regard to both performance and production price, not to mention greatly lessened environmental impact. Despite the benefits, though, mass production of such bio-based oils would probably not be feasible, as it would require setting aside large amounts of agricultural land that could otherwise be used for food crops. But such oils may have a place as niche players as the worldwide market for petroleum products diversifies due to dwindling reserves and related geopolitical tensions. EarthTalk is a regular feature of E/The Environmental Magazine. Selected EarthTalk columns are reprinted on ThoughtCo  by permission of the editors of E. Edited by Frederic Beaudry

How will electronics fit into your professional life Assignment

How will electronics fit into your professional life - Assignment Example It is amazing to how electronics have changed for the past ten years (Aubusson, Schuck & Burden, 2009). New technologies are coming up each day making my professional life more exciting and easier. Various professions are in need of constant communications. Mobile devices such as smart phones have made communication possible. My devices have made it possible to communicate with colleagues, friends and other professionals. Social media and electronic communication have developed new ways of extending and promoting working life. From blackberry phones to iPhone, technology continues to change after day (Aubusson, Schuck & Burden, 2009). We are aware that new technologies are emerging as a result of innovation that is in various parts of the world. We all depend on technology and utilize it to accomplish certain tasks in the day to day activities. Technology is being initiated and implemented in all circles of life (Eschenbrenner & Nah, 2007). They are everywhere, in our offices, hospital, transport system and the other spheres of life. It is indeed true that we can’t perform well in the absence of technology. Technology has become a priority in many companies and organization. It is, therefore, important for us to learn how to utilize the various technological devices at our disposal. As the world continued to develop, it is of essences to be updated with new technology since technology keep on varying. In the business, for example, technology is important in saving and withdrawing money. The use of technology in business has resulted in extensive benefits yet fewer human resources are in the process. Technology has also been of the essence in storage of the day to day information. Some of this information are vital and is often protected by the same device. Unlike in the past when communication was done by sending letters and waiting for the postal services to deliver and retrieve information, current technology has made it easier for professional to

Tools of Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tools of Organizational Change - Essay Example It is most viable to formally advise the employees why shifting to biometrics would be more effective than their current system, of say, manual checking of IDs by security personnel. Through an organizational or departmental meeting, the advantages of the biometric system should be communicated, as well as potential resistance to this application should be solicited and addressed (motivating change). By creating a vision through emphasizing a more secure working environment and a security system that is more effective through biometric, employees would realize its benefits through the ease of identifying, verifying, and cross-checking the validity of people entering the organizational premises. Developing political support entails the full acknowledgement and support from senior management, as well as all security and administrative personnel who would orient employees during the transition. Managing the transition entails determining the progress of the biometrics application, including addressing problems and unforeseen issues. Finally, sustaining momentum requires monitoring effective acceptance of the biometric system by the employees as they proceed with their daily organizational activities; as it apparently becomes integrated as part of their organizational life. Only then would this particular organizational change be deemed effective and smoothly enforced by

Collaboration Quiz Essay Example for Free

Collaboration Quiz Essay What are the advantages of having diversity in a collaborative learning environment? Having diversity in a collaborative learning environment opens up more possibilities of learning, you will have more ideas and different views on the situation. The advantages on diversity are the different backgrounds of the group members. Because of this they’ll all have a different way of thinking about the subject at hand. With different attitudes, learning styles, and work ethics it really makes a difference in a collaboration learning environment. One of these advantages is they we all have stories of what we know and or been through. So having information on something you have learned on been through in the past is a valuable input. How might factors such as diversity, attitude, learning, and work styles affect collaboration? The factors of diversity, attitude, learning, and work styles affect collaboration by setting a different mood of the situation. All of these combusts can either be a good thing or a bad thing. Since we all are very different in every way one person may feel as their answer is right and don’t deserve to be changed. The different work styles also affect collaboration for example some people are faster workers than others and are very impatient while others like to take their time and double check their work for error. But this may also be a good thing; since there are so many inputs onto the situation their way or thinking may change and will come to a conclusion on the best answer. How does personal responsibility influence the work and success of a group? I think personal responsibility has a strong influence on the work and success of a group, because a lot of people have families and jobs to take care of and at the end of the day they are very tired and feel to rest. There are a lot of things that can happen unexpectedly that no one can predict that’ll cost you to take time off from classes. This can affect the success of the group because if you do not post in the chat how will anyone know if you have your work of the assignment that needs to be turn in?

Adolescent Observation Report Essay -- Adolescence Development Observat

Confidential Material The names used in this Adolescent Observation Report are fictitious. This is absolutely necessary to protect the privacy of the adolescent being observed. Person observed: Mary Age: 18 Gender: Female General description: about 5’2†, black hair, brown eyes, about 100 lbs. Place of observation: at my work, World of Tile Company Others present: Other co-workers Cultural group: Chinese Physical Development Mary has reached her body height at 5’2†. Although, when she was younger she had to take growth hormones because she was not growing when the rest of her peers were. She was a very late developer and did not start puberty until she was 17. Mary is very active in school activities such as clubs and softball and tennis. She is very coordinated in her sports and also very fast. Mary was just offered a full scholarship to play tennis at State University. Nutrition and health habits consist of eating a healthy, well balanced diet. She rarely eats fast food, and never eats sweets. She generally tries to maintain a nutritious diet because she wants to succeed in tennis. Cognitive Development In school, Mary is a B average student. She is a Senior in High School and is going to State University in the fall, 2015. Her family moved to the United States when she was very young, so she has been in American schools since pre-school. Her reading and writing skills are pretty average, but she exceeds in math. Mary is very attentive...

Is China A World Power?

A world power may be defined as a country, which has great political power, great military, great economy et cetera. The People's Republic of China may have completed some of these criteria itself but it may not be considered a world power as some of the small factors are holding them behind. China may be a big country with large population, which face inequality, corruption, social stability and the Chinese environment that is not very grand for the health and also with it limited supplies and energy. China claims that they are a communist state but they are just capitalist, under their current government. A lot of discrimination is there in the nation. Health for the Chinese isn't very pleasant either for the country lack proper medication care and doctors. China is a capitalist state under the â€Å"SOCIALIST REPUBLIC† government. This has made many things difficult in China such as Human rights, freedom and equality. The Chinese government are very tolerate people as they closed its door towards people, yet they declare an open door policy in the late 70's and 80's which is not true in all cases. The new Chinese settlers have created an alternate society: a Chinese apartheid which, denying Tibetans equal social and economic status in our own land, threatens to finally overwhelm and absorb us. † was quoted by the Dalai Lama in 1991. Groups who fought for political freedom to be heard were jailed without trial and have been forgotten imprisoned. Religious freedom is another problem in China, as religions don't get any freedom. All religions have to be within the communist party (they have to register within the government) and must be loyal to the Mainland. This have caused many affairs with some religion for example Catholicism who is led by the Pope in Rome, China doesn't allow that and they created the Chinese Patriotic Catholic- Association to replace Roman Catholic. Another unfair factor is that religious people aren't allowed to work with the government as they say being openly religious can affect the economy. Other rights that people should have are No child policy where people can have as many babies, so no girls are being abandoned, Labour rights, as people should not have small wages for long hour of work. China also has problems with the whole of African continent as they treated those Africans poorly during the 1990's and in 2005 it still happen as Manfred Nowak (human rights lawyer) visited China to observe the country. He complained the officials for not letting him interview people and say what he want to say, he also said the discrimination can be seen widespread. The economy of the PRC has increased so much during the past 10 years. Their economy is fourth largest in the world. The value of their Gross National Product was 2. 3 trillion in 2006, which is extremely high, but there's one thing we shouldn't be forgetting; they also have the largest population, which average the GDP per capita to roughly i1,000 whilst it's around i25,000 in countries like Ireland, Switzerland and Denmark. As economy in China is rapidly increasing, it's also facing labour shortage, wages demand and less service. Workers are quitting agricultural jobs to get industry job. The wages of worker have been raised to an average of i 55 a month but as Industry increase, pollution increases. China emits 19% of the world CO2 emissions that is a real shame. The Kyoto Protocol does not require China to reduce its emission, as their status is â€Å"Developing Country â€Å"not† Developed. A world health organisation reported that seven out of the ten most polluted are in China. 30% of acid rain falls on the country. It is estimated that 7% of the GDP per annum must be spend to control the environmental problem so far only 1% is spent on this trouble; this show China's lack of environmental concern. Main economic area for China is it's eastern coast where most of their economy rely. This also create another problem, the equality of income isn't same throughout China as it should be, City such as irimqi, Piking, Shanghai, Canton, Shenzhen et cetera receives most of the high income when city such as Lanzhou, Lhasa et cetera receives a lot lesser. Health of the Chinese can be considered as very poor at the moment that they were ranked 144 out of 191 by The World Health Report. The life expectancy for China s of 2006 is 73, this have been a huge improvement since 1950 when it was 32 but can still be considered low compared to countries like Sweden, Switzerland and Japan whose expectancy is over 80. Their infant mortality currently is 23 per thousand people, which aren't very bad compared to others for example Singapore and Japan (2). Health Development Index of the PRC is medium as it stood at 0. 768 as of 2007. As Chinese economy has grown rapidly, health problems also have. Some of the problems they face now are Air pollution (this killed 760,000 people per annum alone), cigarette smokers is also another problem as the number increases each year and Urban youngster can also be overweight as Chinese at average take in 2,940 calories a day (25% more than what Food and Agriculture Organisation suggested). China lacks doctors, 680 people per one doctor doesn't sound too bad but they still need more doctors so that those with sickness could be attended and cared for more. Schizophrenia are suffered 7. 8 million Chinese and only 60% is being cared for properly. Male also outnumber female in China as they have the superstition of boys are better than girls, this leaves hundred of thousands baby girls orphaned. 2. 3 million is the number of the People's Liberation Army, the largest force in the world plus it's 500,000-reserve force. The number have actually decreased from 4 million from 1980 compared to another emerging super power such as India who has an armed force of 1. 3 million from 500,000 in 1960s. Military personnel should not be all that counts but reserves should also be taken into account, China has a reserve force of five hundred thousand compared to Taiwan which has 1. 5 million. The result from 1980 is that their army have decreased twice the number from 1980 (from 120 divisions to 60). The spending on military have also decreased. China can defend itself from foreign occupation and remain a regional status-quo power, but it is not a rising or threatening power† James H. Nolt, 2006 Chinese military use to create it's own weapons but this stopped in 1980's when their weapons were made of the very worst quality and workmanship. An Incident occurred when it sold Thailand and Burma what they claimed to be â€Å"A NEWLY MADE CHINESE FRIGATES† after the delivery both discovered that the vessels were purely rubbish that can't float properly. The Thais later demanded they give them a new one with an empty hull, as they'll modernise it themselves. After all the Chinese military doesn't seemed to be very strong as it's viewed. Professor James H. Nolt even says it can't even beat those of Vietnam, Taiwan or India. Their possession of nuclear weapons may fill them in for the nuclear criterion. They have never launched one before and stated it themselves that they will never use it, this have put them off for being a nation with nuclear power. Resources that China lacks can be a huge problem. It produces 6. tonnes of oil equivalent per capita and it consumes 7. 3, this is a huge problem they found a way to dealt with the way which is not very reliable. In 2004 Wen Jinbao the prime minister offered Russia almost i 6,000,000,000 for energy purchase. China therefore rely on Russia for energy, Russia could use this as a weapon and they did but not to China, In 2005 Vladimir Putin cut off energy supply to Ukraine as it wants higher price for energy. Russia may not be very reliable for this source either. Some of the other things they lack off may be public transportation where there s an average of 2 buses per one thousand people. Some of the children in China still lack education, as 10% of the children under age 15 are literate. With all these weaknesses revealed, does China fit in the definition of â€Å"World Power†: The answer is resounding no. Not now or anywhere in the future like others who say China will someday be a world power. Their current government won't last longer than 30 years, when they collapse the idea of China being a world power will start to fade away and a more favourable China would be reality.

Marketing Packaging and Labeling Essay

Packaging and Labeling What you’ll learn . . . †¢ The principal functions of product packaging †¢ The main functions of labels Packaging †¢ The physical container or wrapping for a product. Functions of Packaging †¢ Promoting and Selling the Product Functions of Packaging †¢ Defining Product Identity – invokes prestige, convenience, or status Functions of Packaging †¢ Provides Information – UPC symbols, contents, guarantees, nutritional value, potential hazards Functions of Packaging †¢ Meeting Customer Needs – various sizes, snack kits, etc. Functions of Packaging †¢ Ensuring Safe Use – plastic instead of glass, tamperresistant packaging, blisterpacks, childproof containers To read about the Tylenol murders in 1982, and the resulting invention of the tamperproof package, click on the Tylenol box above. Functions of Packaging †¢ Protecting the Product – during shipping, storage, and display. Protects food from spoilage. Helps prevent shoplifting Contemporary Packaging Issues †¢ Aseptic Packaging – Incorporates a technology that keeps foods fresh without refrigeration for extended periods Contemporary Packaging Issues †¢ Environmental Packaging – reusable, recyclable, less wasteful, and safer for the environment Contemporary Packaging Issues †¢ Cause Packaging – to promote non-product issues such as social and political causes Ex: Body Shop, Ben & Jerry’s Click on the ice cream carton to learn about cause packaging at Ben and Jerry’s Labeling †¢ A label is an information tag, wrapper, seal, or imprinted message attached to a product A labels main function is to inform about contents and give directions Brand Label – gives the brand name, etc. Descriptive Label †¢ Information about product use, care, other features Grade Label †¢ States the quality – AA, A, B Labeling Laws †¢ Many package labels must meet local, state, and federal standards †¢ FDA – Federal Food and Drug Administration – requires nutritional info, regulates health claims and defines descriptive terms such as â€Å"light,† â€Å"free,† â€Å"low,† and â€Å"reduced† to make them consistent on all products †¢ FTC – Federal Trade Commission – monitors for deceptive advertising that is false or misleading, including guidelines for environmental claims like â€Å"recycled† or â€Å"biodegradable.†

Pros and Cons to Capital Punishment essays

Pros and Cons to Capital Punishment essays For many years the death penalty has been the sentence for murders, rapists, and other serial criminals. But, in recent months it has been an issue in whether the death penalty should or should not be legal. (Lancashire, Ian. Page. 20) There are many people that think that capital punishment should be used and there are others that feel that it should not be used. Also there are some in the middle that think that it doesn't really matter because they feel that whatever happens will be right because it was brought up and decided in a court of law. Capital punishment is the only way to be sure the killing will end with that criminal. If we execute murders and there is in fact no deterrent effect, we have killed but failed to Capital punishment is the only way to stop capital crimes. For example, citizens feel that capital punishment is fair for those that have committed the crime such as murder. This shows that you have to find and prove that the criminal is truly guilty. This could take days, months, even years. Prisons are not hard enough on there inmates. For example the inmates are allowed to attend school and watch TV in case that they are released. But then, didnt they committee a capital crime? That should mean guaranteed life in prison, if not the death penalty. These criminals killed people, and if there not going to be killed they sure better not be released to do it again. It seems like they dont remember that the inmate had no mercy when they were raping, or killing that innocent person, yet we feel sorry for them. There are lots of issues that arise with the death penalty, such as moral issues and innocent lives being taken when may be they shouldnt. For example there is a lot that needs to be done before the initial action is taken place. This shows that their needs to be clear and correct ev ...

Mangrove Habitat Profile

Mangrove Habitat Profile Their unusual, dangling roots make mangroves look like trees on stilts. The term mangrove can be used to refer to certain species of trees or shrubs, a habitat or a swamp. This article focuses on the definition of mangroves and mangrove swamps, where mangroves are located and marine species you can find in mangroves.   What Is a Mangrove? Mangrove plants are halophytic (salt-tolerant) plant species, of which there are more than 12 families and 80 species worldwide. A collection of mangrove trees in an area makes up a mangrove habitat, mangrove swamp or mangrove forest.   Mangrove trees have a tangle of roots which are often exposed above water, leading to the nickname â€Å"walking trees.† Where Are Mangrove Swamps? Mangrove trees grow in  intertidal  or estuarine areas. They are found in warmer areas between the latitudes of 32 degrees north and 38 degrees south, as they need to live in areas where the average annual temperature is above 66 degrees Fahrenheit. It is thought that mangroves were originally found in southeast Asia, but have been disbursed around the world and are now found  along the tropical and subtropical coasts of Africa, Australia, Asia, and North and South America.  In the U.S., mangroves are commonly found in Florida. Mangrove Adaptations The roots of mangrove plants are  adapted  to filter salt water, and their leaves can excrete salt, allowing them to survive where other land plants cannot. Leaves that fall off the trees provide food for inhabitants and breakdown to provide nutrients to the habitat.   Why Are Mangroves Important? Mangroves are an important habitat. These areas provide food, shelter and nursery areas for fish, birds, crustaceans and other marine life. They also provide a source of livelihood for many humans around the world, including wood for fuel, charcoal and timber and areas for fishing. Mangroves also form a buffer that defends coastlines from flooding and erosion. What Marine Life Are Found in Mangroves? Many types of marine and terrestrial life utilize mangroves. Animals inhabit the mangrove’s leafy canopy and waters underneath the mangrove’s root system and live in nearby tidal waters and mudflats. In the U.S., larger species found in mangroves include reptiles such as the American crocodile and American alligator; sea turtles including the hawksbill, Ridley, green and loggerhead; fish such as snapper, tarpon, jack, sheepshead, and red drum; crustaceans such as shrimp and crabs; and coastal and migratory birds such as pelicans, spoonbills and bald eagles. In addition, less-visible species such as insects and crustaceans live among the roots and branches of the mangrove plants. Threats to Mangroves: Natural threats to mangroves include hurricanes, root clogging from increased water turbidity, and damage from boring organisms and parasites.Human impacts on mangroves have been severe in some places, and include dredging, filling, diking, oil spills, and runoff of human waste and herbicides. Some coastal development results in total loss of habitat. Conservation of mangroves is important for the survival of mangrove species, humans and also for the survival of two other habitats – coral reefs and seagrass beds. References and Further Information: American Museum of Natural History. What Is a Mangrove? And How Does it Work?. Accessed June 30, 2015.Coulombe, D. A. 1984. The Seaside Naturalist. Simon Schuster. 246pp.Law, Beverly E. and Nancy P. Arny. â€Å"Mangroves-Florida’s Coastal Trees†. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service. Retrieved online October 17, 2008 (as of August 2010, the document appears to no longer be online).

The Companies Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

The Companies Act - Essay Example Not only the shareholders and directors of the companies being freshly incorporated but those of the companies that are already in existence need to study the general duties of the directors in the Act. Executive Summary: The companies Act in 2006 are a pioneering law contemporary times that places great moral and social responsibility on the directors of the companies. Definitely, UK has taken the lead in calling for a more mature and responsible behavior on part of the Directors of a company. The Companies Act 2006 replaces the companies of 1985 and 1989. The Act, it is hoped, will usher in an era of the more responsible role for people in business leading to â€Å"enlightened shareholder approach†. The shareholders will hold the directors more accountable for their acts leading to the generation of awareness for the social and physical environment. The government feels that business atmosphere, society, and the environment are inextricably linked to each other and the positive or negative fallout of one affects the others. The registration of companies started in 1848. Earlier in the Companies Act of 1948 originated the â€Å"True and Fair View† (Bucheery, n.d.). This entailed upon the directors to give a true and fair view of the fiscal position of the company and the profit and loss were reflected in the annual balance sheet for the knowledge of shareholders. Later this system was incorporated in the fourth directive of Company Accounts of the European Economic Commission (Flint, 1982). Earlier the refrain in the corporate world was to maximize profits at any cost. But with the world coming together due to globalization and the experience of negative fallouts of the trade and commerce like emission of greenhouse gases, deforestation, and a yawning gap between the developing and the developed world, a need was felt for enactment of a law that required greater business transparency, a commitment to the social and physical environment and reinforcement of confidence of the people in business sys tems.

Mothers and Fathers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mothers and Fathers - Essay Example Depending on what either parent does towards the child, determines the particular reaction the child would have in response to the parent’s behavior. In most instances, infants turn to either parent in certain situations, based on the previous interactions that the two have had (Raver 36). For instance, when an infant feels hungry, most will turn to their mothers considering that in similar instances, mother have always provided the food. Similarly, most infants will turn to their fathers whenever they feel scared for protection. Different factors contribute differently towards the position of a parent in giving care to an infant. Cultural alignments and environments play a critical role in determining how infants view either parent. Naturally, mothers are the primary caregivers in most societies as they stay home with the infants while the fathers fend for the families. However, in an instance in which the mother is the sole provider in the family and, therefore works outside the home, the father then forms a stronger bond with the infant (Kenner & McGrath 42). In such an instance, the infant would view the father as the primary nurturer and caregiver. Based on the considerations above, it is evidently clear that other than for the birthing process and breast-feeding, a mothers position as a caregiver of an infant or child is never biologically different from that of a father; however, it all depends on the circumstances involved. Both the father and mother’s positions as caregivers of an infant rema in the

Model for Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Model for Morality - Essay Example In the Kantian approach to ethics and morality, the ultimate identifier of a ‘good action’ is one that is performed out of ‘duty’ with no other ulterior motive. This becomes a means of a means of rewarding or punishing the individual for performing the action. In this case, duty is the ulterior motive because it accords the individual the opportunity to adopt his own morality. Although Kant was not the first individual to support such an approach to morality and ethics, he was among the first to make such a move. He also passed it along as a moral code of ethics arguing it could be applied universally. This universality of Kantian morality serves as the hallmarks of defining the forms of ethical and moral approaches that have been far been studied. This universality is born out of an understanding that the main guiding precept that defines goodness is duty. This is the duty of maintaining law in society and upholding virtues such as honesty, respect and obed ience. Kant describes it as not necessarily born out of an imprint of Godliness upon the hearts of mankind but out of the universality of reason. This helps to develop moral and ethical approaches to the many situations that greet the individual within his/her daily life (Robert et al, 2011, p. 119). Additionally, Kantian morality and ethics take the approach that God is exhibited through reason and rationality hence presents within the human duties. It, therefore, ultimately leads an individual to perform a moral act for the sake of duty itself. As a means to further this moral approach, Kant argues that the ‘good of humanity’ in itself is sufficient enough a cause for encouraging the application of duty upon any given situation. Good humanity in this case means remarkable values and virtues that define the morality of individuals. Ultimately, this strike at the motivation for action, which itself Kant is able to trace back to a type of humanism that seeks to improve a nd reform the lives of others. It also encourages the good of humanity in general as a means of revealing a better and noble world full of duty. Similarly, the ultimate expression of goodness through the unconscious and conscious acts of duty influences the individual who aspires for such an approach. Conversely, the analysis of the theory demonstrates several levels of weaknesses that raise questions in the reader’s mind with regards to how effective such an approach would ultimately be in the universal practice (Robert et al, 2011, p. 123). This is effective in terms guiding the individual toward reforming his weaknesses and concentrating on his strengths for universal renewal. Although it is laudable to seek to divorce self-interest from moral actions for neutrality and integrity, it

Effectiveness of Contrast Bath on Level of Neuropathy Pain

Effectiveness of Contrast Bath on Level of Neuropathy Pain DISCUSSION The study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of contrast bath on level of neuropathy pain among clients with diabetes mellitus attending diabetic outpatient department. This chapter discusses in detail the finding of the analysis in relation to the objectives and hypotheses of the study. The following were the objectives of the study and further discussion will exemplify how these objectives were satisfied and how the hypotheses was rejected based on the result of the study. 5.1 Description of the demographic variables of the patients in experimental and control group. In experimental group and control group, with regard to the age in years,11(36.67%) were in the age group of 50 to 59 years, 19(63.33%) were female and 25 (83.33%) belongs to Hindu religion. With regard to the educational status,13(43.33%) were non literate, 21(70%) were unemployed and 15 (50%) had family income of Rs.2,000-Rs.5,000 per month .With regard to the duration of diabetes mellitus , 14(46.67%) belongs to more than 5 years, 13(43.33%) had neuropathy pain with the duration of 5.2 The first objective was to assess and compare the pre and post test level of neuropathy pain among the experimental and control group. The analysis in figure 4.2.1 showed the pretest level of neuropathy pain, in experimental group , 22 (73.33%) had severe level of neuropathy pain , 8 (26.67%) had moderate level of neuropathy pain and none of them had mild level of neuropathy pain. Whereas in the control group, 18 (60%) had moderate level of neuropathy pain, 12 (40%) had severe level of neuropathy pain and none of them had mild neuropathy pain. The analysis in the figure 4.2.2 shows the post test level of neuropathy pain, in experimental group 30 (100%) had mild level of neuropathy pain , and none of them had moderate and severe level of neuropathy pain. Whereas in the control group, 18 (60%) had moderate level of neuropathy pain, 12 (40%) had severe level of neuropathy pain and none of them had mild neuropathy pain. The analysis in table.4.3.1 findings inferred that when comparing the pre test and post test level of neuropathy pain within the experimental group the pre-test mean value was 81.20 with SD of 7.54 and the post test mean value was 21.93 with SD of 5.44. The calculated ‘t’ value 41.671 was higher than the table value which indicated that there was a high statistical significant difference in the pre and post test level of neuropathy pain among experimental group at p the level of neuropathy pain. The analysis in table 4.3.2 findings inferred that comparing the pre test and post test level of neuropathy pain within the control group, the pre-test mean value was 74.67 with SD of 6.79 and the post test mean value was 72.73 with SD of 7.15. The calculated ‘t’ value 2.001 was higher than the table value which indicated that there was a low statistical significant difference in the pre test and post test level of neuropathy pain among control group at p The above findings were consistent with the experimental study conducted by Jessica Marsh, (2014) to know the effectiveness of contrast bath among clients with sprains and strains in the ankle and foot at a massage centre, Halifax, Cannada. Investigator did contrast bath alternatively using hot water with 36-38 degrees C(3minutes) and cold water with 4-21 degrees C(10 seconds to 1 minute) for 3 cycles, always ending with cold. The study result reported that there was a reduction in the level of pain in the ankle and foot. The above study findings were consistent with the quasi experimental study conducted by Gormans JM et al (2011) to assess the effectiveness of hydrotherapy among 20 diabetes mellitus clients with foot pain who were admitted in a medical ward were randomly selected. Foot immersion was done in hot water for 3 minutes and cold water for 30 seconds, alternating for 3 cycles. The study finding revealed that there was reduction in foot pain which was noticed by using numerical pain scale. Hence the null hypotheses NH1 stated earlier that â€Å"there is no significant difference between the pre-test and post-test level of neuropathy pain among the experimental and control group† at prejected. 5.3 The second objective was to compare the pre-test and post test level of neuropathy pain between the experimental and control group The analysis in table 4.3.3 findings inferred that in the pre test , the level of neuropathy pain for the experimental group the mean value was 81.20 with SD of 7.54 and mean value for control group was 74.67 with SD of 6.79. The calculated unpaired ‘t’ value 3.526 at p The analysis in table 4.3.4 findings inferred that in post test , the level of neuropathy pain for the experimental group the mean value was 21.93 with SD of 5.44 and mean value for control group was 72.73 with SD of 7.15. The calculated unpaired ‘t’ value was 30.964 at p The findings of the study was supported by, Donna E. Breger Stanton et al (2012) conduced a systematic review among 28 clinical research articles on contrast bath from 1938 onwards in which 10 met the inclusive criteria set by the authors to know the effectiveness of contrast bath on diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes ,to address the physiological changes of hot and cold on blood flow, intramuscular temperature, subcutaneous temperature, the influence of room temperature , pain and age. The definitive conclusions was made that the contrast bath increases superficial blood flow and skin temperature in foot which relieves pain. The above study findings were consistent with an experimental study conducted by Nick grantham (2008) to know the effectiveness of contrast bath among 60 clients with diabetes foot attending foot clinic at china.They took 30 minutes for each client to provide the intervention. The temperature of the hot water was 35-40 degree C for 3-4 minutes and cold water was 10-15 degree C for 3-4 times.they concluded the study as contrast bath stimulates the nervous system because brain has to receive and recognise two different types of information(hot and cold), the changes in temperature may also help in reducing pain. The conceptual framework based on Wiedenbach’s Helping Art of Clinical Nursing Theory guided the researcher to accomplish the study. The investigator perceived the need of implementing the contrast bath on level of neuropathy pain among clients with diabetes mellitus. The intervention which includes immersion of lower extremities in warm and cold bath for a duration of 20 minutes( 5 cycles). The clients with diabetes mellitus attending diabetic outpatient department were the recipient in the study, the investigator identified the need by assessing the pretest level of neuropathy pain using Galer Neuropathy Pain Scale and prescribed contrast bath to minister the need of the clients with diabetes mellitus. The goal was to reduce the level of neuropathy pain through the means of contrast bath for 20 minutes(5 cycles). The investigator validated the need by assessing the post test level of neuropathy pain using Galer Neuropathy Pain Scale which revealed that there was reduction in the level of neuropathy pain among clients with diabetes mellitus. The researcher enhanced the contrast bath for those who revealed significant improvement and gave reinforcement for those with insignificant improvement of level of neuropathy pain. Hence the null hypotheses NH2 stated earlier that â€Å"there is no significant difference in the pre-test and post-test level of neuropathy pain between the experimental and control group† at prejected. 5.4 The third objective was to associate the selected demographic variables with the mean differed level of neuropathy pain among clients with diabetes mellitus in the experimental and control group. The analysis in table 4.4.1 findings inferred that in the experimental group the analysis using ANOVA revealed a low statistical significance with regard to family income at p Hence the null hypotheses NH3 stated earlier that â€Å"there is no significant association of selected demographic variables with the mean differed level of neuropathy pain among clients with diabetes mellitus in experimental and control group† at prejected for family income per month and accepted for all other selected demographic variables such as age, gender, occupation, religion, educational status, duration of diabetes mellitus and neuropathy pain, treatment for diabetes mellitus and suffering from any co morbid illness in the experimental group. The null hypotheses NH3 was accepted for all the selected demographic variables in the control group. The above discussions clearly represent that there has been a statistically significant impact of contrast bath on level of neuropathy pain among clients with diabetes mellitus. This draws conclusion for the study that contrast bath can be used as an effective intervention by the neuro nurses, community health nurse, nurse educator, nurse administrator, nurse researcher and health care professionals in reducing the level of neuropathy pain among clients with diabetes mellitus.

The Crucibles Verbal Irony :: Essay on The Crucible

Arthur Miller, one of America's greatest playwrights, living or dead, is a master of verbal irony. An examination of three strong examples of verbal irony in Millers play, The Crucible, will prove this out. While Miller started the genre of the tragedy of the common man, and is also know for his thoughtful and decisive plot lines, much of his fame, possibly can be attributed to his brilliant use of language generally, and his use of verbal irony in particular. Amidst the drama of the court scene in Act III, Proctor and Mary Warren are being questioned in relation to Elizabeth's possession of poppets. Parris is trying to prove the fact that maybe they were unaware of her possession of these, that she could have hidden her poppets. In a response to Proctor, Parris sites that 'We are here, Your Honor, precisely to discover what no one has ever seen.'; Parris' meaning is very simple; he is simply commenting that the court is trying to discover the poppets that supposedly Elizabeth had hidden at her house, that no one has seen. But to read Miller, one must be more perceptive, and in examining this quote by Parris, there is another meaning behind it. As most know of the Salem witch trials, they specifically know the unjust and misled court system that was used to accuse the witches. The words uttered from Parris' mouth at that instance are so contradictory of the court and ironic that from a reader's standpoint, one is mixed between the emotion of laughter and tears. For the knowledge of the witch trials would allow one to know that they were nothing but a hoax. The court is out to discover what no one has seen. Knowing that there are no witches, then Parris is precisely right when he says this. It's just the irony of Parris' ignorance that makes this quote affective. The relationship between John and Elizabeth is brought to test throughout this play. The fact that John cheated on his wife and the fact that Elizabeth cannot forgive him for this is the basis of the conflict. In Act II, Reverend Hale comes to visit the Hosek - 2 Proctors on his own account to alert them that Elizabeth's name was mentioned in court. Deep in the conversation, Hale asks John to recite the Commandments with the intent to prove he is a covenanted Christian man.

Human Security Essay

The article aims at bringing the important issue of Human Security to the forefront. It focuses on the urgent need to understand the concept of human security, and to develop the proposals for translating these ideas into policy practice. An attempt has been made to clarify and correlate the terms ‘human development’ and ‘human security’. The interrelation of freedom from ‘fear’ and ‘want’ is discussed and the coherence between the two has been achieved successfully. The author has emphasised on the fact that to enable a real shift in policy making, serious effort needs to be made to operationalize the term Human Security. Human security workers need to develop a holistic and human centered ethos. They need to maintain the military spirits of sacrifice, heroism, discipline, but combined with civilian spirit of individual responsibility, empathy as well as gender awareness. The holistic development of human security worker makes them capable of carrying out both ‘protection-from-fear’ and ‘protection-from-want’ tasks. The article tries to highlight the attractions of human security as a paradigm shifting and bridging concept, as well as converse attempts to appropriate and restrict its usage. The article tries to trace the different usages of concept of Human Security. The holistic and innovative concept of Human Security leads to vague and utopian ideas that need great efforts to operationalize. Proponents of human security urgently need to demonstrate that operationalization is possible and necessary. The key strategies for strengthening human security were identified as strengthening legal norms and building capacity to enforce them. Human Security at present sits in the middle of tug-of-war. It is neither irrelevant to power holders nor has been successfully co-opted by them. The interrelation of poverty and violence used to express Human Security is complex and under-researched. From Roman Times security was universally understood as pertaining to individuals. Attempts were made to reorient thinking about security as Human Security. In the post cold era the term suddenly began to feature as global security and comprehensive security. Amartya Sen proposed that Human Security is concerned with downside risks that threaten human survival. The focus on ‘freedom from want’ has a transformatory effect on ‘freedom from fear’. This article has traced different usages of concept of Human Security and argues that the concept has withstood attempts at compartmentalization and instrumentalization. Its greatest potential continues to lie in its bridging and paradigm shifting properties. It emphasises human security to be indivisible. It debates on the tension between foreign policymaking and ethical considerations. Another one being poverty breeds violence and tackling poverty will also tackle violence. The article discusses necessary connections with wider policy shifts. It draws a sketch of the ‘Ideal Human Security Worker’ of the future. Adoption of Human Security concept as Canadian-Norwegian approach, joined by nine other nations and then adopted by Japan marked the realisation of the importance of this concept. The debate typically centres on narrowing down violence rather than poverty in order to come out with an operational concept that can guide policy. Human Security is also a bridging concept and it should be malleable enough to be used by diverse parties, while robust enough to keep sufficient shared meanings across this range of users. It should span between ideals, life situations and actions. The adoption of Human security as both a holistic and a normative concept will definitely lead to practical consequences. Critical Analysis Internal Analysis: The article discusses the bridging and shifting properties of Human Security Concept. It has made an excellent effort to trace the different usages of concept of human security. The work done by the author is commendable . She has collected the information related to the meaning of human security and its usage from Roman times through the span of the present time. She has taken into consideration security of all types physical and material. The different concepts of security and its shaping up into present day concept of human security. She has laid special emphasis on the urgent need for the operationalisation of human security. She has not just discussed the need for operationalisation but has also provided excellent ways to instrumentalise and operationalise human security concept. She has tried to both materialise and personify the concept of human security. By discussing both the malleable and robust nature of human security concept that makes the text effective . The writing and explanation style of the author includes active alert and comprehensive analysis of the term Human Security. She has tried to touch every aspect that surrounds and affects Human Security directly or indirectly. The article has clearly described the role of Human security worker that combines both military spirit and civilian responsibility and empathy. The detailed explaination of the role of Human security worker tries to present a very accurate and live sketch of Human security worker. This refreshes the reader with motivation and enthusiasm to operationalise the concept of human security worker. It presents the very possibility of the operationalisation and functionality of Human security. Weakness: The article ahs discussed the concept of human security very comprehensively , yet the inter-relation of poverty and violence use to express human security remains complex and under –researched. The weakness of analysis lies in the vague idea development of poverty and violence. It seems to be a vicious circle rather than a focused approach to resolve th problem. External analysis â€Å"Dr. Glasius’s research concerns both the theory and practice of global civil society and its relationship to international law, particularly human rights law. ( Glasius ) This article on human security also witnesses the research or comprehensive study conducted by the author. The collection of information as evident from the article that defines the term human security from the initial stage of security in Roman Times to the present concept of Human Security approves the writing style of the author. The author is a research officer ,which is also reflected by her comprehensive writing style. Her present research focuses on economic and social rights , human security and social forums . In the given article she has elaborated upon the urgent need to operationalise the concept of Human Security. She has also described the role of a Human Security Worker for effective functonalisation of the concept. The idea conveyed through the article is operationalisation of the theory to practice that reflects the originality and urge to reform the society. Clarity and Coherence of the Arguements:- The author has tried his best to achieve clarity and coherence of the arguments. The evidence being the discussion of various usages of the concept of Human Security . he has discussed each usage of the concept with clarity and focus on the era when the terms were prevalent . She has attempted to clarify the inter-relation of Human Development and Human Security and their impact on each other. She has clearly and explicitly described the role of human security worker. The coherence of the arguments can be viewed beginning from paradigm shifting and bridging aspect of Human Security leading to holistic development of human security worker. Through this the author has very coherently explained the realisation of the ultimate goal of operationalisation of human security . Relevance of the Arguments : The author argues through the medium of the article that the different usage of concept of Human security has withstood attempts at compartmentalisation and operationalisation. This is quite relevant because with understanding of the term Human security grew an awareness to operationalise this concept. Also paradigm shifting and bridging has further helped in the functional realisation of human security concept and thus the need for training Human security workers. Thus the gist of the article is perfectly relevant so as to define the role of human security worker for its operationalisation.

Accuracy of Historical Films

How accurate a portrayal of Roman gladiatorial games and culture is the movie â€Å"Gladiator'? In society today historical films are merely valuable to society as a form of entertainment. Historical events have become another form of stimulus for directors when creating an engaging film for audience's . Len the creation of a film many historical Inaccuracies occur as seen In the film Gladiator.This film Instead of being a historical recreation of the Roman culture and gladiatorial games tends to embody the idea of certain characters and events. They reflect 21st century ideals onto these historical events to create a film that will appeal to the masses. Ultimately these inaccuracies are in insignificant in detracting from the purpose of these films which is to entertain. Historical films are merely a form of entertainment that is used to engage the masses but this is the extent of its value to society.Unlike a documentary, films are supposed to be â€Å"aesthetic Journeys† a nd historical events are merely another form of stimulus for a director trying to create an Individual storyline. On the release of the â€Å"historical film† 300, Warner Pros issued a statement Insisting that it â€Å"developed this film purely as a fictional work with the sole purpose of entertaining audiences' ‘ . In order to entertain audiences film makers must use these historical events , edit where necessary ,to create an film for a 21st century audience.Gladiator Is a key example of where an aspect of a culture has been reworked into a blockbuster film. The writer for Gladiator started to develop the story after reading â€Å"those who are about to die† by Daniel P Manic . The sinking f the titanic is an important historical event but in order to pitch this event to a current audience it was mixed with â€Å"a Romeo and Juliet love story† . David Benison summed up precisely the method in which accuracy in a historical film is undertaken â€Å"as for being absolutely faithful to the source material, I'm always going to pick the project† .The accuracy of these film's depictions are compromised so that it can be â€Å"guided by the Inner logic of capitalism†. Gladiator through this guidance made $457, 640,427 at the box office a very tricky task If you do not appeal to the audience. As seen In the film Gladiator, historical films tend to embody the Idea of a culture In order to appeal to the wider audience. While the film makers attempt to portray the emperor as the antagonist of the story, they however remove or add material where they see necessary.In the film Gladiator Marcus Aurelia's describes his son Commodes as an â€Å"immoral man† and thus is unable to present him with emperors but this is contradictory as Commodes was a joint ruler with his father Marcus Aurelia . While ancient historian Did Cassias refers to Commodes as a greater curse to the Romans† the production team have excluded facts such as his self-portrayal as Hercules , his left handedness and the â€Å"conspicuous growth on his groin † as these weren't necessary to the plot line and catered to the needs of the actors.This sense of recognition is further seen In how the film Gladiator portrays ancient Rome to be a grand city full of white buildings. The Coliseum was recreated as Riddle Scott felt that the real Coliseum was â€Å"too small† so Instead the CGI team created a grand â€Å"Rome of the Imagination† with a much larger coliseum ND fully white buildings as such to relate with the modern perception of this many colored building but today modern society can only view these structure without the color and in less grandeur.Gladiator's historical inaccuracies are further seen in its depiction of gladiatorial games as they aim to heighten the action within the film. The central character of Maximum is not a historical figure but is merely a personification of the traits that create a g ladiator. Russet's Crow's depiction off brave, fearless, skilled gladiator mirror many historical sources such s Valerian Maximum' who references the bravery skill and passion that are common among the great gladiators. These characteristics are cited by Cicero who describes the gladiators to be incredible well disciplined.Although they have avoided they have used historical figures as stimulus for the central character and as part of the story line. There was indeed a General Maximum who was an advisor to Marcus Aurelia's , and Commodes was killed by a gladiator named Narcissus . These however are two different people but their storyline have been merged to increase the excitement of he games which is further seen where Maximum a Protractor gladiator fights multiple different gladiators and animals.This contrasts to ancient gladiatorial games where he would have only been able to fight another Protractor rather than the Retailers (gladiators fighting with nets), Estuaries (gladiato rs on chariots) and Tigris . The warping of facts can further been seen in the death of Commodes in the arena. Although Commodes did fight in the arena , he always fought as a Sector and therefore Maximum should have faced him as a Retailers but instead both men ought as no particular gladiator type. This battle did not result in his death but rather Commodes was strangled in his home .While the death rate in the film is over 50% Professor David Potter believes the death rate to be 5-10% as too much time and money had been invested into them. Therefore gladiatorial games were to first blood . All of these inaccuracies are created to increase the entertainment value and appeal to a 21st century audience. In the film industry and especially to a 21st century audience the inaccuracies of these films become irrelevant because they increase the entertainment value of the film. The problem however is when these films are described as being historically accurate.Historical films are unreli able for a historian studying the time period but are still useful for discerning the 21st century western perception of Roman society. Gladiator is guilty of false advertising as Peter Russell, art director, states that the film is â€Å"based factually on the events of the time† . Though we can assume this is merely a marketing ploy as the majority of society is uneducated . As one review of the film dutifully states â€Å"there was no alternative odder audiences would have accepted or recognized† and this is true for many of the inaccuracies within the film.Oliver Reed Justifies these inaccuracies when he states â€Å"we are not making a documentary' and anyway if they were to make a historically accurate film it would be too long. Jean Shaw further states that films â€Å"need to appeal to their audience by having an exciting plot, a lot of drama † in order to become successful. As George Lucas was quoted â€Å"the secret to film is that it's an illusionâ €  and this illusion allows millions all over the world to and gain an insight into past civilization.In our modern 21st century society today, historical films are merely an individual's recreation of a culture. The have incredible value to the entertainment industry in providing stimulus for films, however the creation of these the goal off film. The film Gladiator clearly shows how the reliability of a film's portrayal of culture and in these particular case gladiatorial games is warped based on the decisions of the production team. Historical information is better suited to historians and lets leave film makers to cater for the rest of society.

Commedia Dell Arte Essays

Commedia Dell Arte Essays Commedia Dell Arte Essay Commedia Dell Arte Essay This term during our drama lessons we have been exploring and learning about Commedia dell’Arte, a comical and slapstick style of theatre that first became popular in Italy during the 16th century. I had never heard of Commedia before we began studying it in class, so my first impressions were that it was extremely over the top and exaggerated! At the start of the topic I didn’t think that I would enjoy it very much as, because of the use of stock characters, I felt that there would be little room for creativity and making the performances original and inventive.However I was proved wrong and I learnt that although all the characters are the same, everyone interprets them differently so I enjoyed watching other groups portray the likes of Il Dottore and Columbina in ways that I would never have thought of. Commedia first came about in 16th century Italy and was performed on temporary stages in city streets and market places. The troupes of actors performed for all socia l classes, and as their plays mostly took place outside, were accessible to all.Using skilful and strangely understandable mime and grummelot, stereotypical stock characters, masks with exaggerated features, over the top physical movements and improvised dialogue, Commedia actors were accepted and enjoyed wherever they went. As the style grew in popularity, it spread to Europe and has influenced every other theatre style. Charlie Chaplin and the Marx Brothers are direct descendants of Commedia, using mime and slapstick. Commedia has gone on to influence sitcoms (you have the bosses, the workers, the stupid one etc) and even Shakespeare, especially A Midsummer Night’s Dream and the Merchant of Venice.The over the top style shows in modern pantomimes, with the loud and bubbly portrayal of characters. There are different stock characters that represent the different stereotypes in society. One of the most famous is Arlecchino, who is of the zanni (servant) status, usually servin g Pantalone, but also frequently Il Capitano, or Il Dottore. He was very agile and a skilled acrobat, however he has often been described as absent minded. Arlecchino was always hungry but had no money, and there is an story saying that his costume covered in mismatching diamond shapes was made from off cuts of old mardi gras outfits of his richer friends.He carries a wooden slapstick disguised as a bat or sword and wears a cat-like mask to suit is agile movements. The mask also often has a wart on his low forehead and he is ragged, yet sleek. Continuously in a lowered position (especially in the presence of characters higher up than himself), Arlecchino walks with his hands on his hips and thumbs in his belt. Despite his curved back from carrying heavy bags and chairs, he has acute energy throughout his body. He walks similarly to other zanni, but in a much more balletic and supple way.One of the main things that separates Arlecchino from your standard zanni is that he has the inte lligence and creativity to hatch cunning plans, although they rarely unfold how he would like. He is often described as being â€Å"quick in body but slow in mind†. His character is essential in creating interesting complications in the plot of the entire performance, as his failed schemes mess things up for others. Arlecchino is often used as a messenger, but likes to add his own thoughts and opinions to the messages.A bit of a ladies’ man, he is often the lover of Columbina Although she is also classed as a zanni, Columbina is better dressed than male servants since she is a lady’s maid. She apron with a dress underneath. Usually, her colourful skirts fell just below her knee and the neckline of her bodice low and frilled, reflecting her flirty character. She is dressed similarly to her mistress with the addition of the apron, unless she is with Arlecchino in which cases she wears the diamond pattern to match his.Columbina sometimes wears a mask that just cove rs her eyes, but she is also commonly seen wearing heavy eye makeup instead. She is considered to be very attractive, and carries a tambourine to shoo unwanted admirers away. Because of her corset, Columbina’s waist is tiny but her hips are very wide in comparison. She sit on one hip when she stands (one leg bent, the other straight) and leans forward to show off her cleavage. She flicks her legs when she walks, making the zanni walk grander. Due to her keen and active brain, she can hold her own in most troublesome situations.She is often seen as the only rational person out of all the Commedia stock characters. She eats well and has nice clothes as well as being able to read and write. The main difference between Columbina and Arlecchino is that he thinks on his feet, whereas she uses her brain and thinks things through. Like Il Capitano she can appear onstage alone, and sometimes even performs the prologue. As well as being a class of servants, Zanni is also the name of th e character that sits right at the bottom of the Commedia hierarchy.His costume is a simple, white, baggy garment originally made from flour sacks. Zanni is a bit of a slacker and always bent over and hunched. His vision is poor as is his hearing which results in him being extremely clumsy. The movements Zanni makes are always urgent and his voice is rough. As in all Commedia characters, the length of his nose indicates how stupid he is and his head bobbles like a chicken when he walks. My favourite lesson was the mime amp; grummelot one. Grummelot is a series of gibberish sounds that actors use instead of dialogue.When done properly it allows the audience to understand what is going on between the characters even though no words are being said due to the tone of voice and exaggerated gestures and facial expressions. My partner and I improvised a scene between Zanni and Il Dottore. The person playing Zanni had a hunched posture and low centre of gravity and Il Dottore was on a highe r level to show his social status. The plot consisted of a drunken Dottore ordering Zanni to move a plank using a slurring tone and swaying around to show his drunkenness.Zanni would keep hitting Il Dottore over the head with the plank due to his poor sight and urgent movements. In the end, Il Dottore got angry with Zanni because he had run out of drink, so he storms off, tripping over the plank that he made Zanni move. I could improve by being louder and more exaggerated on stage. I have learnt all about Commedia and it tells us that people at this time enjoyed humorous plays. Studying drama is important for empathising, confidence and self awareness.

Back to Space

Back to Space I found President Bush's "State of the Union Address" was very interesting. As he talked about his new space plans about NASA. As I got to thinking about his new plan, I found myself wondering what is out there in the universe? Should we really be spending so much money on space activities?There are many good reasons why we should send people to mars and moon. Our universe is very complex and mysterious. The more we learn about it the better off we will be. Like what the wise man, Francis Bacon, once said "Knowledge is Power." Many people wonder what is out there. Maybe sending people to mars and moon could answer some of our questions. NASA has had problems in the past, but they have helped us learn so much about space. We have already had the rover on mars for sometime now. The rover has helped us find out many interesting facts.English: President George W. Bush delivers his Sta...Space program all over the world should share information about the finding on the universe. I know th e chinese have just put their 1st astronaut up in space a month or so ago. It may draw conflict with NASA. I think they should just all work together. We all live on one planet.There is some controversy why we shouldn't send people to Mars. For example, the space shuttle Colombia that crashed and killed seven astronauts. What makes them think that something like this won't happen again? Money is also a very big issue. American is in a lot of debt right now. Is spending all this money going to mars a good idea? Think of the Americans we will be putting in danger.Overall I strongly agree with President Bush, and his idea of putting people on mars and moon. We could learn...

How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works

How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works Laughing gas or nitrous oxide is used in the dentists office to reduce patient anxiety and relieve pain. Its also a common recreational drug. Have you ever wondered how laughing gas works? Heres a look at how laughing gas reacts in the body and whether its safe or not. What Is Laughing Gas? Laughing gas is the common name for nitrous oxide or N2O. It is also known as nitrous, nitro, or NOS. Its a nonflammable, colorless gas that has a slightly sweet flavor and odor. In addition to its use in rockets and to boost engine performance for motor racing, laughing gas has several medical applications. It has been used in dentistry and surgery as an analgesic and anesthetic since 1844 when dentist  Dr. Horace Wells used it on himself during a tooth extraction. Since that time, its use has become commonplace in medicine, plus the euphoric effect of inhaling the gas has led to use as a recreation drug. How Laughing Gas Works Although the gas has been used for a long time, the exact mechanism of its action in the body is incompletely understood, in part because the various effects depend upon different reactions. In general, nitrous oxide moderates several ligand-gated ion channels. Specifically, the mechanisms for the effects are: Anxiolytic or Anti-Anxiety EffectStudies indicate the anti-anxiety effect from inhalation of laughing gas derives from increased  activity of GABAA  receptors.  The GABAA receptor acts as the central nervous systems principal inhibitory neurotransmitter.Painkiller or Analgesic EffectLaughing gas reduces the perception of pain by facilitating an interaction between the descending noradrenergic system and the endogenous opioid system. Nitrous oxide causes the release of  endogenous opioids, but how this happens is unknown.Euphoria EffectNitrous produces euphoria by causing dopamine to be released, which stimulates the mesolimbic reward pathway in the brain. This contributes to the analgesic effect, too. Is Nitrous Oxide Safe? When you get laughing gas at the dentists or doctors office, its very safe. A mask is used to first administer pure oxygen and then a mixture of oxygen and laughing gas. The effects on vision, hearing, manual dexterity and mental performance are temporary. Nitrous oxide has both neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects, but limited exposure to the chemical tends not to cause a permanent effect, one way or the other. The primary risks from laughing gas are from inhaling a compressed gas directly from its canister, which could cause severe lung damage or death. Without supplemental oxygen, inhaling nitrous oxide can cause hypoxia or oxygen deprivation effects, including lightheadedness, fainting, low blood pressure, and potentially a heart attack. These risks are comparable to those of inhaling helium gas. Prolonged or repeated exposure to laughing gas can lead to a vitamin B deficiency, reproductive problems in pregnant women, and numbness. Because very little nitrous oxide is absorbed by the body, a person inhaling laughing gas breathes out most of it. This can lead to risks to medical personnel who routinely use the gas in their practice.

Online Radio & Globalization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Online Radio & Globalization - Research Paper Example Commercial entities, instead of paying enormous amounts of money for radio advertisements, and sponsoring target programs, can develop content that attracts and retains an audience (Kozamernik, & Mullane, p. 13). Internet radio has an immense impact on globalisation because it targets a wider global audience, and can influence commerce and culture. Internet radio does not only impact on globalisation but it also impacts on commercial trends. It impacts on advertising, management, production, marketing and radio listenership. With the advent of internet radio, business shifted their attention to seeking for advertising space in online radio because of its international nature. Online radio also changed radio listenership; international listeners could tune in to an online station and listen to music that may not be available in their local radio stations. This means that expatriates can listen to radio stations from their native countries, and in a way influence the locals to listen t o this radio stations. Online radio is also appealing to the youths who are internet savvy and compose the highest number of radio listeners (Kozamernik, & Mullane, p. 18). Radio incorporates signal transmission in space using electromagnetic waves that have frequencies below visible light. This waves, electromagnetic waves, travel by oscillating electromagnetic fields in air and vacuum space. ... Ships used radio by sending Morse code to land in 18th century. The importance of radio came to the fore during the sinking of the RMS Titanic. Operators on board the Titanic communicated with nearby vessels using radio. During the First and Second World Wars, radio gained immense usage by the navies and the armies (Kozamernik, & Mullane, p. 5). Commercial radio broadcasting in 1920s changed the landscape for radio usage. Besides, radio program relay, point-to-point broadcasting and telephone messaging became widespread in 1920s. Presently, radio has taken many forms, which include mobile communication, wireless networks and radio broadcasting. Commercial radio broadcasting includes music, news, comedies, dramas, variety shows and numerous forms of entertainment. During the golden age of radio, it gained uniqueness as a method of presentation because it only used sound. Technological developments brought other means of mass media, and the currently, online based services takeover fro m some of the services that people used to enjoy. Internet or online radio is growing in acceptance and may overtake conventional radio within no time. Internet radio has changed aspects of radio such as advertisement, its globalization role, listenership, production, marketing, education and entertainment (Kozamernik, & Mullane, p. 7). Internet or online radio uses the internet to transmit audio services. Internet radio primarily involves streaming media, which presents listeners with non-stop audio streaming. This means that the audio stream cannot be replayed or paused but can be stopped. Internet radio is similar to conventional radio, but the difference is in the mode